Author: chris

How do the philosophies of Hinduism and Buddhism impact the art of India?

Indian’s two greatest religions arose from a mix of Dravidian and Aryan cultural practices. Hinduism and Buddhism are diverse and contrasting religions. Hinduism incorporates practices of the Aryan who believed in pantheon of gods indicating immense forces of nature. This is evidenced in the Vedas scriptural writings, which comprises of hymns and rituals from conception until one dies. Buddhism meant to counter Hinduism and was founded I 6^th century B.C.E by Siddhartha Gautama and disregards panoply of gods as in Hinduism. Both religions’ philosophies are attributed to the diverse culture of India and most importantly, in artistic and literary practices. For instance, the initial Indian literature has four Vedas initially transmitted, orally through generations until their recordings by the Aryans. Vedas was written in Sanskrit language mostly utilized as a literary and bureaucratic language in some places in India. However, Sanskrit declined steadily as a spoken language and was substituted by Prakrit a simpler language in Northern India. Early writings could have been done on palm leaves bound together to form a book and involved Ramayana and Mahabharata,  Indian’s vast historical epics mostly rehearsed in religious ceremonies and most importantly, depicts marital pursuits of Aryan leaders. Mahabharata has moral guidelines and traditions of Hindu gods while Ramayana emphasize on pursuits of Rama, an ideal Aryan leader who depict the importance moral uprightness, role of a woman, enthralling adventure as well as poetic expressions towards nature.

In India, such an escapade is popular in TV shows which are highly regarded by all Indians.

Moreover, Hinduism and Buddhism have influenced the architecture and sculptural depictions in India. After Buddhism was nationally recognized as a religion, the buildings in India were modified from wood into use of stones. Through Emperor Ashoka, artisan’s especially stone carvers came to India, began searching for jobs and were used by emperor Ashoka to extend Buddhist ideologies in India. As a result, religious structures including ‘The pillar, the stupa, and the rock chamber’ were incorporated in architectural designs. Ashoka required that stone columns to be put up by roadside to honor the actions of Buddha’s life and depict pilgrim course to holy sites. For instance, “Weighing up to 50 tons each and rising as high as 32 feet, these polished sandstone pillars were topped with a carved capital, usually depicting lions uttering the Buddha’s message. Ten remain standing today” (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2011). Ashoka commanded eighty four thousand stupas to be constructed as a burial mound in India to safeguard Buddha’s relic and endorse Buddha’s message and these were later used for worship. Rock chamber were rectangular had rooms which housed monks and religious ceremonies. These religious architecture and sculptural pieces of art were decorated with animals, human and statutes deities to signify nature’s diversity. They were marked by sensuousness and excitement in expressing fulfillment, delights and salvation for all Indians.

Introduction

Obesity is a medical state where there is excess proportion of total body fat, which therefore leads to serious health consequences.  In 1985, obesity was officially designated a disease by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Its prevalence has spared no age or gender as it continues to rise in America despite the steps being taken towards understanding, treatment and containing this epidemic (Gumbiner, 2001).  Associations and companies have come out strongly to fight obesity with Grocery Manufactures Association (GMA) taking a lead role.

According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), the environment in America promotes excessive food intake with most of them being unhealthy with low physical activity. GMA has recognized the trends in obesity for both adults and children and have particularly taken its focus on children as childhood obesity is fast becoming a major public health issue as it has doubled among U.S children aged between 2 to 5, while nearly tripling in those aged over 6 over the past 30 year, according to NIH. GMA has set up the Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation with the help of other groups and manufactures for both adults and children as a campaign for energy balance through public awareness while giving parents and children the option of nutritious products that will enhance physical activity.

Through educational programs such as the Healthy Schools Partnership, GMA has also managed to teach kids how to balance calorie consumption and using various advertising mediums to promote good eating habits. Moreover, through different forums GMA has led the fight against chronic diseases while also joining hands with other companies worldwide for a global fight against poor health by promoting balanced diets and healthy living. I think GMA has done a good effort in trying to manage if not to eradicate obesity, as these steps will prove worthwhile as a foundation step.  However, what GMA should do is to massively mobilize communities and the from the grass root level to allow more participation into their programs while also coming up with new research mechanisms that will take  advantage of the natural spontaneous experiments, a view also supported by the Institute of Medicine (IOM).

As the food and beverage industry is doing much to fight obesity by even going as far as categorizing their variety of products for a wiser nutritional choice, the fight against obesity lies on the consumer who is making the food choices at the end of the day. The consumer has the power to determine what food of a certain nutritional value s/he should consume for his health purposes, as the manufactures of these foodstuffs do not have health records of each and every consumer, and the best they can do is to categorize and label their products according to nutritional value for them to be on the shelves. Consumers may have a specific nutritional value which they lack in their system may it be from fats, proteins to even carbohydrates and the manufactures have done no crime in giving the consumer a variety of foodstuffs that will do just that. The consumer should therefore control what is to be consumed and not go against the health experts’ wish.

The best strategy that I would take to combat obesity is through physical workout. It costs nothing but the determination and zeal within a person. It is not very much on list of many because it takes too much time to see results, but i would also argue that obesity is not an overnight occurrence but a gradual one, so, it is definitely a worthwhile activity to work out and have the inner fulfillment of fighting this fatal disease.

Introduction

The celiac disease, also known as gluten enteropathy or celiac sprue is an autoimmune digestive disorder of the small intestines where an individual becomes gluten intolerant. Small intestines digest and absorb food and transfer the remains to the colon. In celiac disease, patients exhibit an immunological reaction to gluten in the small intestine linings causing inflammation and impairing the lining. When such individuals are into contact with the protein gluten, there are undesirable effects that manifest which includes and not limited to diarrhea, abdominal pain and bloating. These symptoms arise from the autoimmune reaction when the immune system recognizes gluten as foreign or pathogenic and attacks it, a reaction, which may impair the small intestines (MedicineNet pr. 1).  As a result, patients of celiac disease are unable to digest and absorb many nutrients from the diet such as other proteins, vitamins, carbohydrate, calcium and other minerals as well as fats which are essential for normal growth and functioning of the body. Gluten is a protein commonly found in rye, barley and wheat as well as their products such as bread, cakes, pasta and most breakfast cereals (Thompson 13). Celiac disease is genetic and most people inherit it from their parents although it may not manifest until there is an interaction with certain environmental factors such as stress, physical injury, surgery, some infections as well as childbirth. The disease was detected initially in the second century and in the twentieth century, its causative factors were determined (Fasano 1). Nowadays, people suffer from many health problems, such as celiac disease because of poor diets.

Causes

The impairment of the inner small intestine lining in patients of the celiac disease is attributed to the allergic reaction towards the protein gluten which causes inflammation. The reaction may be genetic where around ten percent of primary relatives of people with celiac disease are diagnosed with a similar condition. Moreover close to thirty percent of fraternal twins and seventy percent of identical ones indicates that both twins have the disorder. Besides, there are particular genes that have been noted in patients with celiac disease as compared to healthy ones. Gluten consists of complex proteins such as gliadin which is absorbed by alcohol. Gliadin is responsible for immunological reaction manifested in patients with celiac disease. In the process, gliadin turns toxic and impairs the lining. Gliadin is an extensive amino acids chain. In digestion process, enzymes present in small intestines separate protein into individual amino acid to be absorbed by the small intestines (MedicineNet pr. 3). However, gliadin does not fully segregate under enzymatic reaction to give out smaller amino acids. The long chains absorbed by the lining cells due to their permeability prove to be damaging to them.  The longer chains join a tissue transglutaminase enzyme where in patients with celiac disease, the complex trigger an immune reaction which attacks the complex and in turn harm the entire cell (Marsh 115). Rye, wheat and barley are rich in gliadin protein which may trigger celiac disease in those individuals who are predisposed genetically. Gliadin in oat cause weak inflammatory reaction and a lesser cause of the celiac disease in predisposed persons. On the other hand, corn or rice is not a causative factor of celiac disease since they lack gliadin proteins (Medicinenet pr. 4 & 6).

Symptoms

The small intestines have fingerlike protrusions known as villi responsible for increasing the surface area for absorption. In celiac disease, the villi are impaired in a process called villous atrophy and the lining becomes flat which lessens the surface area for nutrients absorption. This causes malabsorption hence malnutrition (Fasano 89). The extent of damage depends on the patient and this establishes the symptoms severity. Total loss of villi has malabsorption problems hence, severe symptoms as compared to patients’ whose damage is partial. Celiac disease severity may be attributed to many factors such as breastfeeding durations, the age of exposure to gluten and the content of gluten consumed by a particular person (MedicineNet pr. 8).

The celiac disease manifests in different ways which may include the following; severe symptoms include steatorrhoea or loose, greasy & pale excrement, loss of weight and stranded growth in children. In some instances, there may lack symptoms whatsoever in patients with the celiac disease infants with the condition may have digestive symptoms e.g. constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting, which may affect their growth and inability to increase weight. This may cause a child to become irritable, over dependent and may marginalize himself from others. In case of malnourishment, a child experience weak muscular growth, enlarged tummy as well as flat buttocks. Besides, teenagers may have a late puberty, alopecia aeata or hair loss and may even have dental problems (Crowe & Blumer 93). Moreover, adults may not experience digestive symptoms but may experience poor health accompanied by feelings such as fatigue, joint/bone pains, stress, become anxious and amenorrhea in females. Celiac disease may cause osteoporosis characterized by bone pains since calcium is not properly absorbed in the body. There may be lactose intolerance in celiac patients, where they are unable to digest milk and its products. Finally, there patients may have dermatitis, mouth sores and anemic conditions (Burns 13).

Prevalence

Epidemiologic studies of the celiac disease are few where its occurrence is common but ignored in many parts of the world. This may be as a result of its confusion with other diseases and misdiagnoses. Celiac disease is notable in all individuals worldwide irrespective of age of their social status. All the same, Celiac disease is prevalent in Caucasians and European countries especially Ireland, Austria, Sweden, as well as Ireland where women are greatly affected as compared to men. For instance, in Northern Ireland, in every three hundred people, one patient is diagnosed with celiac disease. In Finland, one in every hundred people has it. In comparison, in North America one in every three thousands people has the disease. However, these figures underestimate its prevalence since the studies do not consider individuals who fail to manifest any symptoms until a later age. Therefore, the prevalence in the United States could closely resemble that of Europe.  Over two million individuals in the US have celiac disease. (MedicineNet pr. 2).

According to medical study conducted by the University of Maryland, one in every 133 individuals has the disease in a general population which interprets to 2.2 million Americans. The study pointed out that “at risk groups… was one in 22 people in first degree relatives, one in 39 people in second degree relatives, and one in 56 people who had gastrointestinal symptoms or a disorder associated with celiac disease” (Tessmer 17) .Celiac disease is frequent in individuals with gastrointestinal signs including 1^st & 2^nd degree relatives who exhibit the signs. Family history therefore becomes a risk factor of celiac disease. From the study, it is notable that there is “ a high prevalence of celiac disease in people who had related health issues, such as Type 1 diabetes, anemia, arthritis, osteoporosis, infertility, and Down’s syndrome, even if these people did not show gastrointestinal symptoms” (Tessmer 17)

Introduction

General elections are a national sign of harmony and democracy in most democratic countries. The democratic right of every individual, as protected by the constitution under the first amendment, dictates that each individual should have a right to representation in government; to choose who is going to lead the nation. When a person’s rights are held back from him, then the individual can claim for unfair and unjust treatment. Such is the case where leaders of a country’s government take part in rigging election polls. Fair elections means that there should be a uniform ground on which the nominees or candidates vie their seats from, and that each elector be allowed to express their freedom of speech by allowing them to choose who they for a leader in the government.

The national general election in the US happens every four years, with the candidates pledging their loyalty to the nation in an attempt to win the greater majority of the voters. The voters have a given right to assemble in such democratic debates to listen to their prospective leaders. Each leader explains his policies for the intended government as he sees it. It is up to the people to choose which leader will introduce the most favorable policies.

General elections in the US

In the past, we have seen the American government excel under such great leaders like President John F. Kennedy, President Washington, Clinton, and Ronald Reagan among many more. The current president, Barrack Obama, took the seat after President Bush exited the powerful position of president of the United States. President Bush has led the country for the last two consecutive terms in office, as the constitution clearly dictates under the 23^rd amendment. The New Yorker looked into the issue regarding President Bush’s return to power, and pointed out that there may have been election irregularities during the process of electing the next president, in the year 2004. The result was that President Bush retained power for the following term in the US government as the head of the state and commander in chief. He had the federal backing of the republicans from most American states including his home state, Texas. The American people were however, not amused by it, the media houses rattled about the issue over the news but no citizens were noted to have held rallies in protest of the discovery. The presidential elections were obviously riddled with irregularities if we look at the figures. The Supreme Court suggested a one-month recount for the votes in the state of Florida, after opposition candidate, Al Gore, had accumulated more voter tickets than Bush in most states. The delay however, still showed a majority vote for Bush with 271 votes against Gore’s 267 votes within the state of Florida. The totals reflected that Gore had more votes ranging at 50,158,094 votes against Bush’s 49,820,518 votes nationwide. Bush still won the election and the American people put him in power despite the rigging that was so obvious. The opposition’s range about the rigging the presidential elections subsided and the president took seat.

The most significant attribute about the American people is that they are more docile and reluctant to question authority. They behave as authority expects of them, and this did not just start; it has been in their up bringing for the larger part of their curriculum. They learn only that which is basic to allow them find proper white-collar or blue-collar jobs in the United States, without informing them of the rights and formalities that pertain to them. Entertainment lights up every element of their lives, from television to hand-held gadgets with little access to knowledge.

Most foreign governments rely on the US for resource and financial assistance; we reflect on the issue that the US government receives funding from the Federal Reserve Bank that owns the Central Bank, which in turn lends money to other banks worldwide. This means that they have stakes in the greatest and only lending institution for most financial institutions worldwide. Any negative opinion from a borrowing nation that requires the financial assistance of the US would be deemed unsupportive to the US government, leading to a compromise on its borrowing capacity. No nation would want to do that; bite the hand that feeds it. Instead, they much rather cover up any mishaps from the lender and try to act as though nothing was wrong. Looking at Iran, the US has also found vested interests in the nations fossil resources. The US government sent troops to Iran to secure the fossil fuels that would later be used to fuel the greater mechanical needs o f the US.

Looking at Iran, the latest general elections in Iran rocked the general population for having been rigged; the election process was riddled with illegal voter registration, tampering with results, and unprecedented voter turnout.  The process, which happened in June 12, of 2009, was later marked with religious holidays to allow for assessment. Most of the protestors went missing from security raids and paramilitary attacks in the universities involved in protests. The rigorous demonstrations went beyond recognizing Human rights; the former vice-president was  arrested after suggesting a recount. Other people were also arrested following claims of a case of rigging. Supreme Iranian leaders were backing up Ahmadinejad in his victory, demanding for calm in the country. Communication lines were controlled and web sites blocked for containing content about the President’s forged victory. By the next day, protest against Ahmadinejad’s conquest and in support of Mousavi rocked the countries major cities under the name, green revolution, depicting the presidential campaign color of the opponent.  Mousavi lodged an official complaint to the 12-members Guardian council the next day. The voter turnout in most precincts was lower than the reported votes cast on the Election Day, including a higher vote-count for President Ahmadinejad in his rival’s hometown. The presidential results were announced merely two hours after the whole casting was closed, with Ahmadinejad winning the elections.

This violence persisted until 5^thAugust of the same year when an inauguration was held in parliament to put Ahmadinejad to power for the second term of Presidency. A few activists and civilians were killed during the protests, which persisted and later changed tactic to a passive mode following the deaths in the country.

Shifting to the US Government, we see the same happen with Bush’s victory, but no rallies or protests. According to reports, technical problems had required that the final tally of the vote be delayed. A recount in the state of Florida revealed that the vote count in favor of President Bush was not genuine; therefore, they called on the Supreme Court to rule on the issue. The result was a vote in favor of the president, and Bush won.

On a different case, the US government, under the Bush administration, offered $400 million in support of CIA coverts against Iran’s Islamic regime. The foreign interference from the US may have played part in the destabilization of the Government during the subsequent protests on Iran. The financial aid against the Government of Iran happened under the Bush administration.

The American Civil Rights as illustrated in chapter 23 bears flaws that go far to illustrate how self-absorbed they are; they deem their land as naturally owned by whites, and view blacks as lesser men from the need to amend the rights stipulated in the constitution as pertains to man. The need to alter a statement that is inclusive of every man to include blacks in its consideration indicates that, the black community reserves no right to own, and be protected by the American constitution. The signing of the Civil Rights Reauthorization Act on July 0f 2006 was merely a way of gaining the majority favor from the black community. As a reflection of the fraudulent winning of Bush’s 2000 and 2004 elections, we notice that the American society viewed Al Gore’s power conquest as un-patriotic and as such did not rally much when the results were rigged.  Al Gore finally took the Vice President’s seat after losing to Bush in a fraudulent victory.

Conclusion

The American state of democracy fairly squares out its description of real Americans in the way it defines its laws and constitutions. The anti-Islam mentality based on the Government’s bias, combined with the Civil rights discrimination of the Hispanics and Blacks living in the US clearly indicates that America is nothing short of a subjective democracy. It has failed its people, and falls short of the description of a modern society. The dictation of the rights that the nationals bear distinguishes between the proper mind of a critical thinker and the stupor of the American mind. American’s need to recognize the faults in their leadership and educational systems to realize they need a change. It needs to rectify its social mentality, and it needs to replace the discriminative regime and see each individual for who they are, American citizens.

Dictatorships and the Second World War Discussion: What was the relationship between the First and Second World Wars? In what ways are they two separate wars, and in what ways are they a continuation of the same war?

The Second World War was an extension of the Second World War since it was a struggle for superpower and authority.  The nineteenth century powerful nations and their social ideologies never changed in the twentieth century’s Second World War. The treaty of Versailles, War Guilt Clause, 231 implicated German, as the initiator of the war where Germany would do anything to avenge the humiliation they experienced when signing the pact.  The pact placed Germany as being responsible for financial compensation, vanished territory, its army condensed to a hundred thousand men, forbidden from owing an air force and their navy condensed to six battleships without any submarine.  Therefore WWII was unavoidable where Germany threatened to wage war by extending to Europe and the WWII was meant to curb them from doing so just like the WWI. The Second World War however, had advanced weapons such as aircrafts, atomic bombs, and submarines and fought on the land, water and air unlike the First World War, where they used primitive weapons such as toxic gases and early crafts and fought in trenches. Germany was involved in both wars attacking France, Great Britain, Russia and America.WWI was meant to attack nations while the second was meant to attack ideologies such as communism and fascism and had more casualties as compared to the WWI.

In addition WWII signified the peak of the great practical & spiritual problems of the era of anxiety, which triggered in several nations, the establishment of dictatorship. A number of the dictatorships marked a difference in conservative authoritarianism and most importantly, it was a fateful discovery of emergence of radical dictatorship which was extremely dynamic and very powerful.  There cropped up totalitarian regimes in nineteen twenties and thirties as indicated by Hitler’s rein in Germany and that of Stalin in Russia. These leaders demanded devoted and exclusive attention of their citizens. Stalin wanted to create socialism through the communist party while Hitler facilitated limitless territorial & racial hostility against Jews and the gypsies which led to genocidal racism in the name of domestic recovery. This put Europe in a nightmare where the racist Nazi regime had to be seized off power through violence.

As a result modern history is characterized by merging of nations to become powerful and conger other nations. The western civilization as indicated by the European nations invaded other parts of the globe to manifest their cultural, political and economic power and control. Traits such as individualism, materialism and liberalism have been manifest where superpowers have continued to suppress the weak and acquire dominance in trade and obtaining colonies, which are aspect that led to First World War. Consequently, a movement to retain the status quo and have social revolution was initiated in America, France and Britain characterized by conflicts. Totalitarian aspects rose to create a new western culture of civilization which reawakened Japan to seek to restore moral sanity by establishing a new world order and establish stability in East Asia, a quasi colony of America and Europe. This is an expression of the 1930s Japanese ultranationalism or radical nationalism to liberate Japan out of misrule and exploitation of resources of the western civilization. This gave Japan a reason to attack the western nations i.e. America during the Second World War. Unfortunately, they got their own medicine when they were bombed at Nagasaki and Hiroshima in 1945 after an attack on Pearl Harbor.

Abstract

With an estimated population of about 1.3 billion people, China’s health care system needs are also enormous. Some of the diseases that are experienced in China are tied to the lifestyle of the Chinese people. Many of these diseases impose an enormous cost on the nation in terms of the hours lost and cost of giving medication. Lung cancer is a common disease in China. The main cause of this disease is smoking, as well as being exposed to indirect smoke from the smokers, and also the smoke produced in the environment. China’s high speed economic in the last three decades has a major effect on the environment and human health. The reliance in coal has a great effect on the environment due excessive fume in the surrounding. Exposure to cooking fumes also has a great effect another pollution of the environment. Incest burning is one other activity among the households in china that pollutes the air. All, this incidents are part contributors of lung cancer in china.

Keywords: Cigarette smoking and lung cancer.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Clinical Research Question

Tobacco smoking and lung cancer disease in Chinese population

In the recent decade, there has been a substantial increase in consumption of tobacco in China, particularly in men. According to statistics, it is estimated that the approximately only 16% of current smokers among men and 10% of current women amongst women worldwide would die because of lung cancer (Tang, 2010). The risk is determined by the duration of smoking, intensity of smoking and exposure of asbestos among other factors. Another factor that affects the risk of getting lung cancer is body mass index (BMI) (Koh, 2010). A recent study of prospective study of BMI and lung cancer carried out on 220 000 Chinese men revealed that the population with low BMI had a higher risk of getting lung cancer. Between April of 1993 and December of 1998, 63 257 subjects who did not have lung cancer were enrolled for a research to find out the relationship between smoking and lung cancer. All the individuals involved in the research were from two major dialects of Chinese in Singapore. A trained interviewer interviewed them and collected data on their BMI. The results of the data were given out in December of 2006. According to the results, 1024 cohort participants, which included 717 males and 325 females were diagnosed with lung cancer. The mean time interval baseline interview and diagnosing was about 10.7 years. Risk of getting cancer increased with increase in the number of cigarette one took daily as well as the direction of time one had smoked. It was also noted that those who quit smoking had reduction in risk of getting cancer. The statistics also revealed that there was a higher risk of getting lung cancer if one had a lower BMI for the former smokers; however, the relationship was inverse for current smokers (Koh, 2010).

The environmental factors are also contributors to having smoke in the air at subsequently cause’s lung cancer. The cooking fumes contain compounds, which causes lung cancer among non-smokers in Hong Kong. The usage of cooking oil through frying and deep frying high temperatures and without extracting provides enough smoke that causes lung cancer. Another environmental factor contributing to smoke and subsequently lung cancer is burning of mosquito coils. The ingredients of these coils are plant-based materials that when burnt they produce a lot of smoke. Charcoal stoves and wooden stoves are also other contributors in the environment that causes smoke. The burning of the plant’s products plays a vital role of causing lung cancer (Tang, 2010).

The fact that the effects that cigarettes cause are many needs collection. A plan therefore needs to be drafted in educating people against this epidemic. The effects of epidemic need to be taught to people as well as the benefits associated with smoking. For a start, the government can get involved in ensuring that any of the advertisement used to advertise cigarettes broadly reflect the enormous effects they have on their health. Policies that ensure limiting of the usage of the products should also be put in place. The schools programs can also be of importance in educating the young ones on the great effects of tobacco. The reason behind this is because there are people who get involved in smoking at a young age, and education to children can reduce the number. It is also notable that China is one of the biggest growing countries of tobacco and there might be a problem in trying to accomplish this.

Tobacco smoke has so many chemicals, which are identified as poisonous while some of them are capable of causing cancer. Nicotine is the one of the chemical in cigarettes and is classified as an insecticide. It is the bit in the cigarette that causes an addiction in people and the desire to take more of the product. The link between the nicotine additions exhibited in cigarettes can be attributed to the smoke carcinogens contained in cigarettes. About 20 carcinogens taken by a human can cause a tumor in the lung (Koh, 2010). The development of this is formation of an induction of lung cancer. The first step of getting lung cancer is nicotine addiction; the next step is the metabolic activation where elements like carcinogen get activated, then the DNA gets the miscoded results to DNA adducts. Then DNA adducts causes mutation to occur and cells whose DNA has changed are removed through apoptosis. Incase a permanent mutation process takes permanently in the main region of a tumor suppressor gene; deactivation of the tumor suppressor gene occurs (Koh, 2010). If the process happens severally, there rises a likelihood that the cells lose their normal growth and they finally grow to development of lung cancer. The best way or even the only way to avoid instances of having lung cancer is ensuring that one breaks the sequence followed that leads to formation of the cancer.

Unfortunately, passive smoking also referred to as environmental tobacco smoke is also estimated to cause lung cancer. The source of the risk is attributed to the burning of tobacco products as well as the smoke exhaled by smokers. It is estimated that a non smoking spouse may inhale an equivalent of one cigarette if the other spouse is a heavy smoker. The solution to cancer patient on their health is undergoing surgery to remove the tumor (Molina, 2008).

Quitting smoking can not only bring reduction in financial usage, but there are also other accrued benefits like the reduction of the risk of getting lung cancer. According to the results of the research on the 1042 participants, quitting smoking resulted to a reduction on the likelihood of getting lung cancer. It is however notable that for the risk of getting cancer to decline it has to take some several years for it to happen. The more the years that someone stays without smoking again increases the benefits that are accrued from quitting smoking. However, the risk of facing premature death or contracting cancer is dependant on several factors. Among them is the duration that one has had involved themselves in smoking (Molina, 2010). It is evident that those people who have smoked for long face a higher risk of contracting cancer. The age that someone got involved in smoking also matters; individuals who started smoking at an early age have a greater risk of contacting cancer as well as having premature death because their lungs might not have developed enough as compared to those who stated smoking when they were already old enough. The number of cigarettes that one used to take daily also matters, as heavy smokers are likely to be in a higher risk of contracting cancer than the individuals who are not heavy smokers. Last but not the least, the state that the smoker was in when quitting smoking that is, if he was sick or not; if not sick, the risk of contracting cancer is usually lower. It is also notable that for those people who had already developed cancer the risk of contacting another cancer lowers with quitting smoking (Molina, 2010).  However, quitting smoking should also be extended to those people who have also been diagnosed with cancer. The reason behind this is to ensure the response of their body to healing, as well as lowering the risk of a second cancer from occurring. It is also beneficial for people diagnosed to quit smoking since it reduces chances of having the cancer return, or reducing chances of respiratory failure.

Conclusion

The effects of tobacco are so many to tobacco smokers as well as to the non-smokers. As the above-mentioned research has shown, getting smoke in our system can be achieved through active and passive smoking. Other environmental factors also have a big contribution to the smoke in the environment. Lung cancer is one disease that can be caused by the action of having smoke in our bodies. Therefore, it should be the responsibility of everyone to make sure that they play their part in ensuring that they prevent scenarios that may cause unnecessary smoke in their bodies. However, the biggest responsibility falls on the smokers since their action affects even the nonsmokers (Molina, 2008). The meaning of this is that if the society is not infected, it is affected indirectly. Lung cancer is a disease that is majorly associated with smoking. The effects of the disease are detrimental and sometimes cause death among the infected. Individuals therefore need to control the smoking in their system to avoid being affected by this disease. Contrary to not doing so means that there will be increased deaths due to this epidemic, as well as losing a lot of money. As earlier noted, a lot of money is spent every year in curing the victims of cancers well as clearing the cigarette butts. The money used will be of benefits when used to other sectors of the economy instead of using this way. It is therefore every smoker’s calling to ensure they minimize the amount of cigarettes they smoke daily, or better still quit smoking. As described, quitting smoking has many benefits to both the individuals and the environment in general.

Unlike Europe where politics are more party oriented, American politics are such that the ideologies and the policies carry the order of the day. The voters in America are more influential on the leader’s behavior since they tend to focus more on the leader action, not the party one is in. In turn, the leaders’ legislative behavior is affected since they care how the voters view them. The character of candidates matters so much when they are voting in congress since they are in the knowledge that the voters judge them according to their deeds. As candidates find themselves wanting to please their candidates in the congress, the resultant is an increase in polarization. It mostly happens in politically competitive districts where each party candidate has a chance of winning, whereby the candidates find themselves faithful to the voters’ ideologies in expenses of their parties (Davidson 76). However, it is evident that in constituencies that the candidate had a majority in terms of the party representation, their decision in terms of legislative action is not always based on the voters’ view (Gelman 218).

In a way, the rules of the congress has a great effect other on decrease of polarization. The reason for this is because of the fact that they require that the members vote as a party in making of major policies, as well as selection of committees leaders. The parties therefore have to ensure they are in agreement in most of this decision since a decision like selection of the committed chairman lasts for six years before they get to vote again. A good example of a scenario that polarization was overcame and cohesion held was the voting against the Clinton budget of 1993, where the whole house voted against it (Wilson 333).

Polarization has led to uncertainty in American politics as passing of polices has turned out to be experimental. The meaning of this is that policies passing are dependent on the views of each and every member, and unless subjected to voting there is no knowledge to know where it is going. The views of the voters are much emphasized in the voting process. Since polarization is mostly brought about by individuals sharing different views in reference to their voters, any policy passed therefore means that it carries the interest of the voters with it (Fiorina 44). Polarization also has a contribution on the political stalemate in the country, where some policies are not able to pass due to the fact that there exists division of views between the members elect. There is also the issue of extreme decisions that are being made in that some of the decisions reached at are so deferent than if they were made by a single individual.

Polarization has led to a gridlock when making of government policy, the fact for a policy to be passed it has to have a two third majority from the congress means that the president veto is restricted up to 33%, and if it does not exceed that percentage the congress verdict takes the day. Polarization has also led to the president being cautious in making the decision since the congress has control over the decision he makes about the nation (Theriault 63). On the bid to control the policy making process, the government and other parties have responded by creating an environment where they pursue more party-partisan to ensure that the small parties are not involved in passing of policies (Eilperin 104).

Introduction

Child rape could be defined as sexually violating a minor (female or male) through touching his or her genitals, indecent exposure or sexual contact for gratification. It is outlawed in many lands and bleaching the law as in the case of pedophiles is followed by great legal repercussions, which may include capital punishment or lifetime sentences. The act where a mature person has sexual contact with a child who is less than the legal consent age is called statutory rape. The U.N Convention on the rights of the child (CRC) safeguard children’s rights and directs the nations to safeguard children from sexual assault which encompass rape, sodomy or object penetration for sexual gratification, child  sexual exploitation through pornography, prostitution, abduction or trafficking and sexual grooming or child-on-child assault e.g. through the internet or cyber rape (Hodgson & Kelly, 2002).

Many children are sexually assaulted by close and familiar people and not by strangers, who use subtle force or tricks for bribery using little money, gifts or particular privileges. This means that the offender possesses more knowledge, resources and control as compared to the victimized child, in which he or he exploits (Becker, 1994).  Child rape is a rising case worldwide and its consequences are so amplified than the act itself since, a child undergoes a rather permanent psychological trauma. Child rape triggers not only triggers legal issues but most importantly, ethical and moral aspects that are rather sensitive. This is a great crime and an antisocial behavior of animosity that is prevalent in the so called civilized world (Hodgson & Kelly, 2002).  Its dire consequences are psychological and physical, which may trigger emotions regarding anger, fear, low self image, neglect, depression, and shame, which may haunt the victims for the rest of their lives. It is the right of all mankind to enjoy privacy and freedom on when, how and who touches his or her body, an aspect that is violated by sexual offenders (Hopper, 2010). This paper shall give a detailed discussion on the prevalence, forms, and most importantly, the social, psychological and physical consequences of child rape to the victim (Hopper, 2010).

Prevalence and Incidence rates of Child Rape

In twelve states of the U.S, 51% of female sexually assaulted victims were juveniles below eighteen (Langan & Harlow, 1994). Child rape reports adds up to over ninety thousand cases annually in the U.S alone but those cases that go unreported are so many since the child is  afraid of disclosure or due to tiring legal procedures. Its estimated that one in four girls  and one in six boys will undergo child rape when less than eighteen years of age. Besides, child rape added up to 67% of all cases of sexual assault recognized by law where 34% of total victims were below twelve years of age. Out of seven victims, only one was below six years (NCVC, 2008). Significantly, child assault cases occur from familiar and trusted persons where boys have a higher probability of facing sexual assault out of homes. A research conducted in three states pointed that ninety six percent of total reported child sexual assaults were familiar with the offender. In this study, 4% were strangers, 2% fathers, 16% relatives, while 50% were friends (NCVC, 2008).

Child rape has been the core of exceptional public attention since the previous decade. This is marked by aspects like District of Columbia’s 50 states enacting laws to refer to child sexual assault as a crime. This is because one in four victims of sexual assaults cases in the region was below sixteen years (Langan and Harlow, 1994). Here, child sexual assault crime includes sexual engagements such as voyeurism, sexual conversation, fondling, caressing the genitalia, oral, anal or vaginal penetration and child pornography and prostitution. The perpetrators of this crime emerge from variant age, gender, ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds. Females, sexually assault children but their numbers do not exceed that of men since they add up to a third of the juvenile offenders. The offenders coerce their victims through gifts or through manipulative acts or both (Becker, 1994).  From a recent study, it is notable that “child molesters are frequently aggressive. Of 250 child victims studied …50% experienced physical force, such as being held down, struck, or shaken violently” (NCVC, 2008)

From the studies conducted on child rape, there has been no significant difference of assaults with respect to social status of ethnicity in the U.S. All the same, parental inadequacy, domestic violence, and poor relationship between a child and a parent are some of the crucial aspects that were noted as risk factors. Girls are the most victims of child sexual assault where they exceed the boys by close to three times. However, boys suffer more serious injuries and may even die as a result of being sexually assaulted. The vulnerable age of a child to fall a victim of sexual assault is between the age of seven and thirteen years (NCVC, 2008). From a different study in incest “intrafamily perpetrators constitute from one-third to one-half of all perpetrators against girls and only about one-tenth to one-fifth of all perpetrators against boys (Finkelhor, 1994). There is no question that intrafamily abuse is more likely to go on over a longer period of time and in some of its forms, particularly parent-child abuse, has been shown to have more serious consequences”  (Finkelhor, 1994)

Symptoms

There are currently an estimated sixty million survivors of juvenile sexual assault victims in the U.S (ICAN, 1999). Sexually assaulted children manifest physical, emotional as well as behavioral signs. Physical ones include pain along the genitalia, discharge from the genitals or trouble while urinating. Victims of familiar and close perpetrators may manifest reduced physical trauma since they are afraid of attracting attention. Behavioral signs come prior to physical signs, which could be used to assess sexual assault in a child. They entail aggressiveness, hostility, depression, nervousness directed to adults, anxiety, sexual provocation, and engagement in drug and substance abuse especially in boys. Boys manifest more aggression due to sexual assault as compared to girls. As adults, the children may have poor interpersonal relationships due to mistrust which may be transmitted to other family members (ICAN, 1999).

Consequences of Child Rape

Child rape is characterized by short and long-term distresses such as psychopathology through sociality, alcoholism, Post Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) among others as they grow, which makes them to have a higher need for medical care thus increasing their health care expenses. However, the effects depend on assault nature, use of force and weapons, previous history and the relationship of the offender and the victim. In some societies, rape is greatly stigmatized and victims may be seen as social outcasts and may become isolated, disowned or murdered, a process referred to as secondary victimization. It causes more trauma as people responds to them thorough language, victim blaming or post-assault actions (Hopper, 2010).

Moreover, child rape may result to contracting a sexually transmitted infection such as HIV especially in instances where there is a forced and injurious vaginal penetration which may create portal routes for the virus. Susceptibility is enhanced in childhood rape since the vaginal mucosa has not yet had the required cellular density to prevent entry of pathogens. This also enhances an abused child to engage in multiple spouses, unprotected sex, commercial sex and drug abuse (Hopper, 2010). Effects vary from chronic depression and low self image and in most cases there is sexual malfunction for the abused individuals. With regard to child rape, the American Medical Associations points out that a fifth of child sexual assault become psychologically affected.  The psychological problems may involve PTSD, confusion, flashbacks, and venereal disease (AACAP, 2010). Sexually assaulted children are predisposed to become criminals at an older age, their chances of engaging in delinquencies in future is up to forty percent. Besides, they may also want to reiterate and therefore become sexual offenders as well. It is estimated that 40% of sexual offenders had an experience of sexual assault when young. Moreover the sexual assaults victims have twenty seven point seven chances of incarceration as a result of prostitution in adulthood as compared to those who did not undergo such experiences. This is possible because sexually assaulted victim’s ends up into prostitutions since they cannot properly relate with others but on sexual grounds (NCVC, 2008).

Introduction

Toyota is one of the most successful automobile companies in a global perspective. The success of Toyota is successful because of effective strategies adopted by the company over the course of its existence that saw the company expand its operations to a global level (Sako, 2006). This paper investigates the strategies that Toyota has used over the years and provides an analysis of how effective the strategies fit in the external environment and the internal environment of the firm.

The automobile industry is a dynamic one; this implies that Toyota has to put much emphasis on meeting the global market demands, while at the same time focusing on achieving the efficiency in management of internal operations. A balance between the two strategies played a significant role in enabling Toyota to realize its business goals and objectives within the external and internal environment. With the dynamic nature of the automobile industry, Toyota had to revolutionize its strategies in order to meet the changing needs of its customers from the diverse global context. An analysis of the changes in Toyota strategies during the course of its existence reveals that Toyota focused on rapid expansion during the post war times. After laying emphasis on international marketing, the company’s strategic approach was to establish plants in various regions within the globe, with the intent of producing cars adapted to meet specific regional requirements (Duane & Hoskisson, 2008). In other words, the market segmentation strategy played a significant role in influencing Toyota’s international sales. An integration of the market oriented strategy and effective internal management played a significant role in success of Toyota over the years. An important aspect of the Toyota strategies is that it helps the company in maintaining its competitive advantage through strategy strength and strategy scope. In this context, Toyota’s strategy scope refers to the internal environment of the company that is fully responsible for the creation of effective policies that the firm implements in the external environment defined by strategy scope (Hino, 2006).

Strategy strength focuses on the supply side with a focus on the core competencies of the company, which in this case is the Toyota’s effective internal management. Porter generic strategies identify the demand side as playing a significant role in determining the target market of a company’s product. The adoption of the market-oriented strategy is one effective strategies that Toyota used in meeting the diverse requirements of its customers in various regions of the globe through designing cars to meet the regional requirements of a particular market segment. Focusing on market segmentation plays a significant role in increasing the market share of a firm. Toyota’s success in the global automobile industry is due to regional market segmentation, with the trends of production depending on regional requirements. in addition, Toyota segments its customers depending  on levels of income, evident by the onset of production of luxury cars and other regular cars for middle and low income earners. Such approach to segmentation is effective since the company focuses on meeting all its customers’ requirements basing on region and levels of income. Therefore, it is evident that the market-oriented approach suitably fits the external environment of the company, which in this case is the company’s customer base in the global context (Sako, 2006).

An analysis of internal environment of Toyota reveals that the company focuses on effective management practices to foster efficient implementation and execution of the formulated policies. With this regard, Toyota relies on the cost leadership strategy, implying that the company aims at increasing its market share through production of cars that are affordable to its clienteles who are price-sensitive. This implies that Toyota aims at producing cars with the lowest prices in the market. The challenge associated with this strategy is that it is difficult for a firm to maintain profitability if it is offering its products at the lowest prices. Maintaining profitability and high returns is a significant constraint that Toyota must address. In order to counter this, Toyota’s strategy aims at realization of high asset turnover through reducing the cost of production per unit automobile, with the hope of enjoying the benefits of producing in large scale (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2009). Mass production is an effective strategy that Toyota deploys in order to achieve high profitability while producing low cost cars in the market. In addition, Toyota bases on the idea of standardization with minimal cases of customization during the design of cars. This plays a significant role in reducing production runs that may affect the profitability of the company. Recently, the company adopted a strategy to reduce the cost of production and maximize on the available resources that the company has. Toyota operates on a strict low cost of production policy (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2009).

Conclusion

It is evident that Toyota’s market oriented and an effective management strategy fits efficiently in the external and internal environment of the company. This results to the realization of the company’s goals and objectives without impeding the effectiveness of its external policies aiming at improving the market share and meeting the requirements of its clientele.