Author: chris

 

Alzheimer is a disease that affects the brain and leads to impairment of one’s memory. Other constituents of the disease are that there is also impairment in organization of thoughts, which makes it hard to victims of this disease to communicate, as well as distortion of vision. Both impairments are worse enough to cause or reduce the level of functioning of a patient diagnosed by the disease. The impairments caused by the disease are similar to the ones caused by aging, but the difference is that for impairment caused by aging, it is not bad enough to affect someone’s functioning. Alzheimer’s is caused by having an increase in production of beta-amyloid protein in the victim’s brain and the death of nerve cells within the brain. The risk of being affected by this disease increases when someone approaches the age of seventy years, and at eighty-five years, about 50% of the people are affected (Crystal, 1996).

With time, Alzheimer’s disease causes the rise of Dementia disease. Dementia is a disease that is mainly characterized with having severe memory loses that lead to one having dysfunctions, both socially and occupationally. This disease affects about 1% of adults at the age of sixty years and risk of getting it doubles every five years after hitting sixty years. The risk that is associated with Dementia is that it is likely to cause death among the victims. Other causes of Alzheimer’s are someone having HIV infections, injury in the brain, strokes, and brain tumors to mention but a few. Alzheimer’s causes the patients’ to be forgetful of important things of their lives including activities making them unable to carry their daily activities especially when the disease is in it severe face.

Though a lot research has been done to determine the cause of Alzheimer disease, no much success has been achieved. However, to some extent the disease can be attributed to be caused by the history of the family. In other words, generic factor are a known cause of this disease. Though as previously described, the disease affects people with an age of 60 years and above, there are special causes where some victims get this decease with an age much lower than this. In their 40s and 50s, some people contract this disease; in account, this is about 2% to 5% of the people who are diagnosed by this disease. The instances when the disease occurs at an earlier age than sixty years is called early-onset while if it happens in late years like 85 years it is referred to as late-offset. In record, about half of the victims diagnosed with the disease have got it from genetic mutation through birth. In addition, about another half of children born from a family which has been associated with the disease runs the risk of being born with the disease. Genetic also has something to do with those people who contract Alzheimer at a much later stage in their lives. Chromosome 19 forms part of the gene that is associated with patients who contract this disease at a later date. However, it is notable that of the many cases of Alzheimer reported, most of them were not related to a certain specific gene (Perry, 2006).

Other factors that causes the occurrence of this disease is the lifestyle one engages him/herself in. Having a nutritious diet can play a very good part in keeping one’s health at a high level that minimizes the risk of contracting the disease. Another way of minimizing the instances of contracting the disease is having enough physical activity in your daily activities. Making sure that someone’s body is physically fit means that there is a minimal chance of contracting the disease, as the body as well as the brain is kept active through the day. Finally, pursuit of mental stimulation is also another way of ensuring there are minimal risks of the disease catching up with them. Ensuring that the brain activity is always active means that the brain will form a trend of minimizing inactivity in the brain in future, hence lesser chances of contraction the disease (Crystal, 1996).

Forgetting the recently learnt information accounts to the biggest symptom that someone can relate to when determining whether someone has contracted the disease. To reduce the risk of contracting the disease, there are several things that can be done to ensure they are minimal. Among them is ensuring that at one given time one takes a balanced diet in all meals. A balanced diet ensures someone stays healthy and that necessary nutrients needed in the body are available. Engaging in physical exercises in another one of the actions that elderly people can take to ensure a reduced chance of contracting the disease, as keeping the body active is important in improving someone’s health or maintaining the health of the body. Early medication to Alzheimer’s disease patient is important as it helps in future arrangements to be made by family members concerning the medication of the patient. Other benefits that come with having an early medication include having a plan of how to care for their finances, as well as taking care of legal issues that may come up in the process (Crystal, 1996). Another benefit and the main one is to ensure that the patient will get the early trials necessary for his medication that allows the doctor to get the best medication that works for him.

As at present, there is no cure of Alzheimer: however, the government has been keen to offer funding to research institution in the bid to determine the cure of this disease. To start with, there has been found a relationship between heart disease and Alzheimer. Due to this knowledge, the scientists have been transpired to develop preventive medicine using the medicine that was previously being used to treat heart ailments. Fish oil is one of the resultant supplements which scientist has reason to believe that reduce contracting of Alzheimer. The fact that at the age of eighty-five most elderly people lack omega 3 acids in their body increases the chance of acquiring the Alzheimer. The same was portrayed to individuals who were suffering from Dementia as they got the benefits of lipids found in the fatty acids of the fish oil (Herman, 2011). Fish oil therefore has been defined as one of the ways that the disease can be prevented among the people. Scientists have also shown much progress when it comes to finding out the likely cure of Alzheimer. According to an article by Christine Kennard, there have been developments of drugs that cure temporally some of the symptoms inhibited by Alzheimer’s. An example of some of these drugs are Donepezil, Rivastiqmine and Memantine, to mention just but a few. There have also been other treatments and therapies that are aimed at ensuring that the behavior problems that comes about due to having Alzheimer’s are also reduced. Enrichment of the lives of the Alzheimer’s patient is also possible through having a scheme of solving the cognitive function of the disease (Kennard, 2006). The mentioned progresses are some of the positive directions that scientists have achieved in there bid to find the cure for the disease. It is also notable that there have been both medical and non-medical therapies that have well been introduced to offer an answer to the curing of the disease

The puzzle about Alzheimer’s as a disease has not had someone to solve it. However, it is notable that the scientific research aimed at finding a solution has made much progress in solving it by devising methods that should be used to prevent it (Blankenhorn, 2010). Fish oil is one of the advancements. A resultant of this knowledge that there exists a relationship between the heart ailments and Alzheimer’s has played a great role in preventing the disease. As scientists continue in their research, we can only hope the cure will be found soon as the recent developments give us the needed hope.

Impressionism and post impressionism on modern painting        

In the field of painting, there have been various developments and eras that have been in existence since the earliest times. Amongst these eras are impressionism and post impressionism eras. Impressionism era existed between 1863 and 1890. On the other hand, post impressionism existed between 1886 and 1905. The two eras have been characterized with having difference when it came to the impact they have on the modern day painting. Some people are quoted saying that impressionism is the first era to portray the modern era of painting we have today. Their bases of arguments is on the bases that the usage of light, which is commonly used in today’s painting started it this era. Another point of reasoning behind this is the fact that the inclusion of the public in deciding the best panting instead of judges also makes campaigners of this generation continually emphasize on the notion that the new generations of painting find its bases from this era. In addition, the fact that nude paintings started during this era is also a reason of this era being the base of the modern day painting.

On the other hand, the campaigners of the post impressionism era have their basis of arguments on the developments that occurred in this era. To start with, in this era the painters were keen in ensuring that they gave structure to the paintings that were done in this period. In addition to that, these painters were also instrumental in painting real life subject matter, which was not done in the previous paintings. The painters in this generation were also known to have a sense of including geometrical shapes in their painting. The painters in this era are said to have more freedom in doing their paintings as well as bringing simplification in their paintings. Also notable in this era is the fact that some painters in the impressionism era joined the post impressionist era and were involved in transforming the paintings. Post impressionism painters were also younger and more refined painters; no wonder they were more dives in their painting.

The two painting eras have major impacts in the modern day paintwork. However, the impressionism has more benefits to the modern day painting and can be deemed as the bases of the modern day painting. The reasoning behind this is the fact that most of the developments accomplished during this period are what is practiced today. For one, the changing of the mode of accessing painting came about in this era. The meaning of this has to do with the fact that in today’s painting, the paintings are put in a galley to the public to access the best painting. The same is reflected during the sale of the painting as the sale is usually done in an auction where the price is determined by the public. Another contribution of the impression era is that there was the freedom to include all mode of painting even nude ones. The fact that in today’s world there is no restriction even to include nude painting in our galleries was as a result of the ancient time impressionism era. The usage of light as an element of expression which is also continued today was started in the impressionism era. Actually, in today’s world, almost all the painting embrace the usage of light as part of their expression. The above mentioned contributions of the impressionism era reflect what is practiced today. It is therefore safe to conclude that the impressionism era has more to offer in the modern day painting than the post impressionism era. The fact that the post impressionism era also found its bases from impressionism era is reason enough to conclude that impressionism era has more in contribution to modern painting than post impressionism.

For many years, women have preferred Hormone Replacement (HRT) Therapy to manage menopausal symptoms. HRT is a form of medical treatment used by peri-menopausal, post menopausal and women whose uterus is surgically removed in hysterectomy (‘Health Canada’ pr. 1).  It was developed in the 1960s aimed at controlling menopausal symptoms and safeguard women against post menopausal risks. Menopause in women compromises hormone levels followed by undesirable symptoms. Estrogen for instance is produced at low levels in postmenopausal women, a factor that is attributed to weak bones hence osteoporosis. The medications comprises of female hormones to restore those that are not produced in postmenopausal women. These symptoms include night sweats, decreased sexual drive, poor fat distribution, hot flashes, mood swings, virginal dryness, painful sex, sleep disorders, osteoporosis, among others (Dennerstein & Shelly 12).

HRT is administered in form of a patch, vaginal ring, or gels and in most cases pill. These pills contain estrogen together with progestin or just estrogen alone (‘Health Canada’ pr. 2). Progestin is incorporated in HRT as a preventative measure to prevent endometrial cancer, where uterus is not yet surgically removed (hysterectomy). Dosage of HRT varies cyclically, where estrogen may be used daily while progestin are used for two weeks in a month and this treatment is known as sequentially combined HRT. Alternatively, a constant dosage may be taken where combined hormones are used every day and this treatment is known as continuous combined HRT (‘Health Canada’ pr. 3). Initially, studies indicated that HRT could be essential in preventing heart illnesses in the post menopausal individuals. All the same, declined incidence of these illnesses such as stroke, cardiovascular illnesses and heart attack is now attributed to lifestyle changes and dietary improvement and not on HRT. In the past, HRT was routinely administered by physicians. However, it is not until recent studies in 2002 that HRT has been attributed as a risk factor to some health conditions, thus changing the medical practice where prescriptions of HRT stopped while those under HRT discontinued. Through clinical trials it was evidenced the HRT is even more detrimental to the health of post menopausal women (‘Health Canada’ pr. 1).

Some women complain of nausea, water retention, and headache among other side effects after taking HRT. Incase of unusual symptoms patients are recommended to contact their doctors who may guide them on switching to another form of HRT (Watkins 187). Regardless of the health risks, Short term use of HRT is essential when: a person has extreme hot flashes or severe symptoms, has osteoporosis which cannot be managed by any other way due to treatment failure. According to studies, amenorrhea in premenopausal women i.e. premature menopause or ovarian failure, which cause health problem, HRT administration benefits may counteracting the risks (Meikle 401).  HRT has recently been applied in transgender, intersex, cis-gendered as well as transsexual persons to alter their reproductive hormonal balance. As a result, secondary sex traits develop of the preferred gender but it is unable to reverse the changes of puberty unless combined with procedures like surgery, apilation and laser hair exclusion (Watkins 32).

Benefits of HTR

The procedure is preferred by women when natural menopause strikes. Synthetic hormones, progestin and estrogen are taken in to manage symptoms in menopause. It is not recommended to take HRT for extended periods of time. The benefits that arise as a result of HRT administration art a bit controversial in the present time but they were thought to prevent Osteoporosis. HRT was indicated to avoid bone loss which is prevalent in menopausal women thus reduced hip fractures. Additionally, colorectal cancer is reduced when HRT is administered according to research. Moreover, Heart diseases are decreased as a result of estrogen especially when used early on the onset of menopause. Natural menopause estrogen is combined with progestin to prevent uterine cancer. However, women whose menopause is induced through hysterectomy are recommended to use estrogen unaccompanied (Meikle 405).

NIH Clinical Trials

The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) initiated in nineteen ninety one by the  U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)   in the US Department of Health and Human Services comprises research on premenopausal women in forty health care service provided in the U.S.  The aim of the study was to gather evidence on postmenopausal women’s health by analyzing effects of HRT. NIH conducted clinical trials to analyze the pros and cons associated with the two HRT types administered as a pill (‘Health Canada’ pr. 5). Having categorized the trial into two, the first being over 16,000 postmenopausal women, fifty to seventy nine years of age and had not carried out hysterectomy. Having administered with the daily uptake of estrogen and progestin combined (Prempro) or just estrogen pills (placebo). The second group had over 10,000 postmenopausal women, who had undergone hysterectomy and given placebo or estrogen pill alone.

The research had over five years of follow-up and in July 2002, NHI stopped the category of estrogen and progestin combined pill prematurely. After monitoring, the board assessed the outcome they concluded that risks outweighed the benefits of combined HRT category in comparison with the group of estrogen alone. Out of the ten thousand women on combined HRT studied, it was seen that per a single year, there was 7 greater coronary disease cases i.e. 37 for combined HRT and 30 for Estrogen alone; 8 greater stroke cases i.e. 29 vs. 21; 18 greater invasive breast cancer incidences i.e. 38 vs. 30; 6 less colorectal cancer incidences i.e. 10 vs. 16; 5 less hip fracture cases i.e. 10 vs. 15. The figures are however minimal but are very important since many women were under HRT and their cumulative effect over several years are amplified and therefore, a need for public health concern. Since then, more findings have been found: “in a subgroup of more than 4500 women aged 65 or older, an additional 23 cases of dementia in 10,000 women per year were reported among women on combined HRT, as compared to placebo (45 vs. 22). As well, combined HRT did not prevent mild cognitive impairment among women who used it and there was a small increased risk of cognitive decline in the combined HRT group” (‘Health Canada’ pr. 7). In addition,   “Compared to non-use of HRT, the use of combined HRT increases breast density and was shown to compromise the interpretation of mammography results” (‘Health Canada’ pr. 7).

From the study, it is clear that estrogen and progestin combined is not good for extended periods of time to be used by post menopausal women except on incidences where there are minimal therapeutic options. Extended use of HRT causes risks such as breast cancer, stroke, dementia, and coronary heart disease.  These out weigh the benefits such as fracture reduction and minimal colorectal cancer in women over sixty five years.

In March 2004, the placebo category was stopped after close to 7 years follow-up. From this study, NHI concluded that estrogen therapy did not affect coronary disease risk, did not elevate breast cancer, elevated stroke cases, and caused a decline of hip fracture for women who carried out hysterectomy. In addition, estrogen was attributed to the trend of elevated cases of dementia as well as moderate cognitive impairment. It should be noted that other HRT dosage levels and varieties e.g. vaginal ring, injections,  nasal sprays, implants,  gel or the patch were not part of this research.

Risk Reduction

 The choice of whether or not to use HRT should be founded on heath issues and should be carried out after thorough medical evaluation. It is necessary to consider doctor’s advice on the benefits as well as the risks surrounding the procedure in relation to dosage levels and medical history. Other alternative methods of managing post menopausal symptoms should be considered with the help of a doctor.  These alternatives may include use of virginal estrogen ointments, herbal supplements, antidepressants and osteoporosis medication. Post menopausal women should engage in healthy eating habits, engage in physical exercises, moderate alcohol intake and avoid smoking. These are essential as preventive measures of coronary heart disease and osteoporosis (Goulden 123). It is important to note that HRT should not be used to prevent or manage neither stroke nor coronary heart disease. However, HRT is beneficial in managing hot flashes, vaginal dryness as well as night sweats (‘Health Canada’ pr. 10).

However time HRT is used, it causes the risks discussed above and therefore should be administered only when symptoms are extreme and when awareness is created of the risks being followed up with regular medical assessments. From the study, NHI recommend that women with natural and not surgical menopause could use the lowest possible HRT dose for the most minimal periods possible so as to keep away from the above risks

Scientists have altered the genetic information contained in a cell of the organism for many years by procedures such as mutagenesis and artificial selection. Genetic engineering has acquired several uses in nature, it has been used in medicine, industry, research, agriculture and in a wide range of plants, animals and micro-organisms. Genetic engineering modifies the genetic information contained in an organism through application of procedures that bring in heritable component. The heritable component can be prepared externally or internally in the cell that posses hybridized qualities within the host organism. This technology has poised questions than answers on whether to regulate it on the basis of its benefits or its hazards to the environment and the human race. My thesis is that genetic engineering should be controlled by law.

In medicine, genetic engineering has been used in the medical treatment of diseases such as autoimmune and various cardiac disorders. Gene therapy, which is done by repairing and replacing or introducing therapeutic genes to fight diseases, has been useful in treatment. Pharmaceutical products have been realized by modification through cloning of genes. An example of these products is the bio-engineered insulin, which was earlier obtained from sheep and cows this has been a superior step to patients of diabetes. The technology has been of benefit to pregnant women who wish fetuses be monitored for genetic flaws. In the field of agriculture, genetic engineering has improved on the genetic fitness of plant species necessitating efficiency in growth of the plants. This has been made possible by strengthening plant to avail salinity, drought, viruses, increasing efficiency in photosynthesis, and reducing need for nitrogen fertilizers by plant. Some plants have been modified to produce their own pesticide thus have reduced the use of pesticides on plants while others have been modified into herbicide resistance species. The creation of transgenic farm animals, which observers argue, “are better able to resist diseases, have increased function as well as enhanced reproductive qualities.” has improved the agriculture field. For instance, the creation and farming of transgenic salmon that matures bigger and at a quicker rate than natural species.

The introduction of transgenic animal research models has benefited the research field. This has been achieved by making biomedical research faster, more accurate, less expensive and at the expense of fewer animal lives. These animals have been applied to experiment on the loss of function, gain of function, tracking, and expression of certain genes. Researches have also been able to study hereditary human diseases such as breast cancer by introducing cancer-causing genes to non-human mammals thus easing disease management. In the industrial field, proteins and enzymes modified from genes have been produced by biological factories enabled by genetic engineering. This factory has been used in the production of human growth hormones, supplements such as tryptophan, and fuel production.

At a first glance, this might look exciting but at a deeper consideration, this poses serious danger. Genetic engineering should be controlled by law since it reveals environmental and health hazards, the concept itself being fundamentally weak. “Genetically engineered crops are modified to manufacture their own pesticide”. This has claimed that genetic engineering will reduce use of pesticide but the fact remains that the net outcome of sowing pesticide-producing crops is a vast increase in pesticide; these crops have merely been classified as pesticides.

Due to the modification of herbicide, resistance crops there will be increased use of herbicides by farmers this being an environmental hazard. Pollen from these crops may be transferred to wild and cultivated plants causing deterred organic crops. Transfer of pollen to weedy relatives may also occur and this will increase the use of herbicides.

One of the health hazard exhibited in genetic engineering is toxicity of foods. This is as a result of mutations in an organism which is unexpected. Samuel I. Shibko, a government scientist claimed, “it is unlikely that molecular and compositional analysis can reasonably detect or predict all possible changes in toxicant levels or the development of new toxic metabolites as a result of genetic modifications introduced by the new methods of biotechnology.” Some of the added genes in crops have the ability to move heavy metals such as mercury from the soil into the plant tissues. This will eventually lead to concentration of toxic metals in crops thus contaminating foods. Addition of these genes would poison animals consuming the crop debris hence having a poisoned wildlife, for example, modified crops like rice will endanger mice and deer on consumption. Allergic reactions can occur in individuals on consumption of genetic foods; this is a result of unknown allergens in foods. Modified foods appear fresh even after a long duration of storage, which may substitute, to a loss of nutritional value, this will absolutely mislead the consumer. On modification, antibiotic resistance genes are used to mark the genetically modified cells. Bacteria may pick genes that confer antibiotic resistance present in modified crops; these bacteria on infection will be of high resistance to antibiotics. The side effects associated with genetic engineering can cause loss of life for example by tryptophan made by genetically engineered bacteria has led to loss of life and others infected.

Claims have been made to inspire the benefits of genetic engineering but they are unsubstantiated. There have been claims that genetic engineering is essential to eradicate hunger in the world. The truth is that hunger is caused by poverty due to people’s inability to purchase food. Opinions that genetic engineering is safe are contradicting since there have not been sufficient experience justifying the claim of safety. It is still justified that all potential harms to the environment have not yet been identified. People have also been made to believe that genetic modified foods are no different from natural foods, but there is no natural way of altering the genetic makeup of an organism. There has been a high percentage of ignorance on the effects of this technology regarding to the effect of the modified organism on the environment being unknown. Other effects still remain unknown such as effect of consuming these products and the effect of the insertion on the biochemistry of the host organisms. In case of any effects or disaster associated with genetic modification, recovery has been unrevealed among scientists this exhibiting a great danger in human life.

This technology poses a threat to raise animal anguish and reduce species integrity as well as producing a potentially destructive effect on the stability and sustainability of the earth’s ecosystem. Usage of modified foods, plants and feed should be controlled by law. Deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms should also be controlled to ensure a safer environment.

(1)   Creation and before history

1. Creations
2. God’s separation with humankind
3. Punishment
4. Flood

(2)   Patriarchal period (2166-1446)

1. The covenant
2.  Abraham to Moses

(3)   Exodus era (1446-1406)

1. Moses leadership
2. The Gods commandments

(4)   Era of conquest of Canaan (1406-1390)

1. Joshua leadership

(5)   Era of Judges (1367-1050BC)

1. No leadership era
2. Judged mandated to govern the Israelites

(6)   United Kingdom (1050-931BC)

1. Monarchy establishment
2. King David emperor establishment
3. King Solomon decline to monarch rule

(7)   Divide kingdom (931-722 BC)

1. Two-kingdom establishment, Judah and Israel
2. Prophetic movement in the era

(8)   Surviving kingdom (722-586 BC)

1. Judah kingdom remains

(9)   Babylonian captivity (586-538 BC)

1. The judgments
2. The Palestine separated from Israelites

(10)          Restoration or silence era (538-400 BC)

1. Return of Jews from captivity
2. 400 years to the end of New Testament
3. 400 years to the beginning of the Old Testament

Major eras of Old Testament history

            A Bible is a collection of books from the Old Testament and the New Testament. Old Testament books provide literatures and the history of the Old Testament eras and description while the New Testament provides literatures and the history of the New Testament eras. Old testaments tell the history of the peoples of Israel and their relationship with God.  Old Testament literatures and history is divided into nine historical eras. These eras include; Creation and Pre-History, Patriarch, Exodus, Conquest, Judges, Kingdom, Exile, Return and Silence. In the essay, eras in the old testaments, period they existed and some of the world events that coincide with them are pointed out.

The first era is the era of Creation and pre-history. This era entails the creation of the Adam and Eve. God created the world and human being and kept Adam and eve in the garden of Aden. Sins committed by Adam and Eve resulted to gods plan for humankind be destroyed and were cursed to toil for their living. A description of this era is read from the book of Genesis 1-11. Main events as per the chapters include creation of Adam and Eve in genesis one and two, and fall into sin temptation in genesis chapter three. In addition, a judgment for the sin was flood (genesis chapter 6 to chapter 10) and the beginning of the nations from the tower of Babel event (genesis chapter 11) (Old Testament Overview, nd p. 1)

The second era is the era of Patriarch that occurred between 2166BC and 1446 BC (Friedman, nd, and p.6).  In this era, Abraham and his defendant were the Gods chosen people to represent God in the world. Gods plan was to choose humankind who were his creation and focused to work with them to produce a reflection of him. This era is characterized by Abraham been the leader, with promised land, and countless descendants, who were to be blessed abundantly. The era is detailed in genesis chapter 12 to chapter 50 (Old Testament Overview, nd, p. 2). Some of the well-known and influential personalities in the era include Abraham the father of the Gods people, Isaac the second father, and Jacob the father of the nation of Israel. In addition, Joseph appears to be the leader in Egypt after been sold by his brothers. After his death, Jews status decline and are reduced to a level of been slaves by enemies.

The era of Exodus (1446-1406 BC) (Friedman, nd, p.6) was the third old testament Israelites era. This era has a central feature where Moses is given the Ten Commandments and other guidelines for life, government and how people are supposed to worship God. Moses becomes the leader who was supposed to lead people to the Promised Land. The Old Testament books also give the deliverance of the gods chosen people from slavery and hardship. Events in this era are from the books of Exodus, Leviticus, numbers, and Deuteronomy. These events include; freedom from slavery, gods law (commandments at Mount Sinai), place of rebellion with gods and the consequences of rebelling against god (wandering) (Old Testament Overview, nd, p. 3).

The era of Conquest (1406-1390 BC) (Friedman, nd, p.6) became the fourth era. Moses died in the era of exodus and fails to lead people to the Promised Land. In this era, Joshua becomes the new leader and lead Gods chosen generation to the Promised Land. The era is characterized by four main events. These are the miraculous parting of Jordan River (Joshua 1- 5), the collapse of the Jericho walls after marching 7 times around it (Joshua 6). Defeating of Canaan is another event (Joshua 7-12) and the dominion where the 12 tribes of Israelites are allotted land (Joshua 13-20) (Old Testament Overview, nd, p. 3). Defeating of Canaan is today repeated with the fights of Palestinians, Philippine and the Afghanistan wars.

The era of Judges was the fifth era that was 1367BC and 1050 BC (Friedman, nd, p.6). The chosen generation, or the chosen Gods peoples were led by judges. In the era, God chooses various leaders/governors called judges to lead and govern people for over four hundred years of rebellion.  The judges were political military leaders of Israel who excised absolute powers against their followers. Some of the major judges included; Gideon, Samson, Deborah and Samuel who was transition judge and a prophet (Old Testament Overview, nd, p. 5). Major events included judge’s rebellion to Moses instructions after his death, the repetitions of the misfortunes in Israel after ever judge die. The misfortunes occur as cycles after the death of the first four judges. In the era, Ruth being a foreigner stands for a faithful model that is committed to serve God.

Between year 1050 BC and 931 BC, the Old Testament era of United Kingdom came to pass (Friedman, nd, p.6). After Joshua lead people to attack the southern and the northern kingdoms, the chosen generation gained kingdom. This was contributed by Joshua killing the southern kings and defeated armies. This era ended by the king Solomon’s reigns end. The rivalry between Israel and Judah be4gan forcing kingdom divided into two parts. The era of Exile that was the seventh era existed between 931 BC and 722 BC. Through the Gods prophets, Israel and Judah failed to listen to God warnings. For this reason, God used Babylonia and Assyria to take them to exile. In the exile, Gods appear to have abandoned them for punishment and latter restored them to fulfill his promises. The era of Return (722-586 BC), Gods used Joshua to lead Israelites to the Promised Land and established territory (Friedman, nd, p.6). He delivers them from exile by taking them to the Promised Land. The chosen generation stated rebuilding their land and spiritual institutions. However, the promises for restoration and been Gods chosen people remain unfulfilled as the book of Old Testament end.  The ninth and the last era was Silence or restoration (538-400 BC) (Friedman, nd, p.6). This era is characterized by silence and restoration of Gods relationship with the Israelites. Major promises and restoration were made to the people of Israelites. This era act as a transition period between the Old Testament and New Testament. Bible is more than the historical records and provide prove to the existing ancient cities, for example the Palestinians sites.

Johnny Depp is one of the renowned American actors. Born in 1968, Johnny Depp has for a long time taken the film industry by storm for featuring in so many movies since the establishment of his career in the film industry in 1980s. From the first series known as 21 jump streets, Johnny has been featured in many movies and series through the years and his recent movie Rango was in 2011.  Through the years, Johnny has featured in about 44 movies though some of them have not been released yet. Being in the film industry was not the first choice of career that Johnny wanted; he had dropped out in school to pursue a career in rock music. The change of this desire changed when he met Nicolas Cage. Through his career in the film industry, Johnny has enjoyed many awards. Among these awards is the best actor’s award, which he won due to his role in Sweeney Todd movie. One of the best renowned piece of work that Johnny was involved in is in the movie the pirates of the Caribbean, which he took the role of the captain. For Johnny, the acting career has come even in monetary achievement as he has a gross estimation of earning about $2.6 billion in United States and another $6 billion all over the world

My admiration for Johnny runs through the fact that he has used the little that life has given him to achieve a lot in this world. The fact that he was a school drop out and he ended up to be one of the greatest movies stars in the world today is an indication of that.  Being a drop out to some people sometimes leaves them hopeless in their lives and some even involve themselves in crime. For Johnny, the case was different; he took that chance to focus in other talents and interest he had that was music, and the film industry. The fact that he has a French ancestry did not limit him from achieving his dream of becoming an actor. Johnny is an inspiration to many people who are not of American ancestry who think they have fewer chances to make it in life. As many say the world might not remember you for what you achieved but the impact you influenced people in your generation; Johnny has lived this talk. He has supported organizations that support young children who have conditions that threaten their lives. Helen and Douglas house is one of the charity organizations in the United Kingdom that Johnny supports. Johnny has also embraced the desire of giving in the society, as it is notable that he donated about $2 million to a hospital in London for support of children who were suffering of rare conditions. His contribution  to helping  children has not gone unnoticed as year 2006 saw him achieve receive the courage of care award due his contribution to children hospitals in Los Angeles for children whose parents ca not afford medical health care. The desire to help has always been in Johnny, as he participated in recording a voice database aimed in helping a British child who was in a coma. In this account, he was quoted to say that he would do what it takes to help the child. His helping hand towards fighting against HIV/AIDS can also be seen in his campaign where he aims to distribute condoms to people and promotes the need for people to practice safer sex.

The works of art of Johnny Depp are known in the world over. He has achieved so much success through his work and he has been an inspiration to many, especially young actors. He has one of the longest career in the acting business, year in year out he has produced or been in production of great movies. However, though this is his personal achievements, he has taken the success he has achieved to benefit other people by the numerous contributions he has made his lifetime, especially in the helping of children. His actions even go beyond this as he has made great contribution in promoting safe sex through promotion of Trojan condoms

Abstract

Physical education and Sports have the merits to transform live of the society and individuals. Typically, sports bring forth significant advantages to cultural and community development around the world. Sports also indirectly, act as powerful vehicles to society development and peace. The basic advantages in sports rationalize the investment in physical education and sports in all levels; schools, community, national or international level (Wuest & Bucher, 2008, p. 5). This easy discusses the importance of advocacy programs in physical education and soccer.  Further, the essay discusses the existence of community-based organizations that offer health promotion programs. In addition, advocacy issues in area of health, fitness and child development provided by physical education are explored in the essay.  Generally, by increasing and expanding advocacy programs in physical education, exercise science and soccer as sports could be an important source to eliminate underdevelopment and promote peace.

Importance of advocacy programs in the physical education and sports.

As supported by Slater, Powell, & Chaloupka, 2007, p. 6, both healthy eating and physical activities are effective in controlling diseases, reducing overweight and obesity. Although the health departments are responsible in health awareness at country levels, advocacy programs in physical education and sports plays a significant role in the health, development, and peace building.  Positive results relating the physical education and sports such as soccer have being observed as improvement of physical health. In addition, physically active persons develop healthier life styles and excellent eating habits that reduce diseases related to obesity and chronic problems. Support programs in the area of physical education and soccer are responsible in educating the public about the advantages of physical activities and physical fitness. Further, the advocacy programs educate about the programs meant for health standards. Moreover, Professionalism is needed in planning support programs that promote ethics and values in physical education and soccer. Essentially, sports programs or physical education values and benefits depend largely on the quality of professional control and the environment. According to Wuest & Bucher, (2008), physical education is part of school curriculum that includes training in child development, care and maintains physical fitness. It also includes sharpening motor skills and cognitive abilities. Some of the advantages attached to physical education may include the following.

Promote healthier lifestyle in all ages

Education in health and hygiene in the childhood ages tend to grow awareness to healthy lifestyle in old ages. Actually, well-planned physical education curriculums educate students to be responsible on their old age healthy lifestyles.

Maintain sound physical fitness

Healthy lifestyle depends mostly on the body physical fitness. Physical education and sports enhances the muscular development and increases stamina.  Body fitness promotes nutrients absorption, promote digestion system and other physiological process such as respiration, blood circulation among others.

Development of motor skills and enhancing of cognitive abilities

The curriculum of physical education in schools and outside schools enhance overall cognitive advantages to the students and the public. Indulging in different sport activities further develop motor skills.  Participation in sports and physical activities enhance body movement order and discipline, and helps in developing good body posture.

 

Hygiene and sex education importance

Lessons taught in physical education bring forth awareness of personal hygiene and cleanliness. Practices that are important to maintain a healthy and well-being in life are covered in the physical education. In addition, physical education instructs on sex education and answers on different questions about sexuality issues on humankinds.

In addition to the above benefits, support programs on physical education and sports in societies, contributes to physical, physiological, and emotional wellbeing. Sports such as soccer, plays a vital role in developing healthy social and interaction networking. Soccer helps people learn how to set goals and objectives. Teamwork, hard work, and discipline are well highly structured in soccer, which promote individuals and team goals achievement (USAID, nd, p.6).  Soccer is among the sports in the international arena used to promote peace and relations globally. In this regard, the sport is applied as a means of addressing problems in national and international levels. Soccer particularly is used as a vehicle to resolution and peace building. The universal language in soccer is the ideology to link cultural, geographical, and ethnic differences (USAID, nd, p. 6).  Soccer programs are operated at local, national, and international levels promoting interaction of participants and stakeholders. Other soccer related advocacy programs importance are its role in developing and promoting international diplomacy and enhance communication system that usually pave way to civil and political dialogue.

Some of the organizations that offer health promotion programs include the USAID, Red Cross, Saint Johns Ambulance and the religion organizations. Government in collaboration with non-profit making organizations such as religion-based organizations usually offers health promotions and awareness campaigns. Typically, these organizations and government provide recreational, youth or commercial sport programs that help promote encouragement in areas of health, fitness, or child development. Child development, fitness, and health issues are advocated for in the school education curriculum and government ministries such as sports and health dockets.

Conclusion

            Soccer can be used as a vehicle to economic development. Organizations and support programs internationally have engaged into promoting sports and physical educations as an element to development. In spite of the values and benefits in physical education and sports, they fall at the bottom of school and government priorities.

Almost every server runs services that offer access to organizational data and resources, software applications and any other elements of the server that are core towards the functionality of the network. This implies that it is important to protect these services because they offer potential vulnerability to the hacker (Kelbely & Sterling 123). In most case, when a network service has been attacked, there is a possibility of access to the network. In addition, there is a probability of sabotaging the service, which may result to huge loss to the organizations. The Windows Server 2008 has incorporated major control services that can help in eliminating the security concerns of the People’s Bank and Trust.

The Windows Server 2008 comes with Network Access Protection (NAP), which ensures that a workstation PC connected to the network have to meet the minimum network requirements that are computer defined as stated in the security policy of the organization by the network administrator (Marty 234). An example of such an instance is that a workstation is required to update the security and other critical patches before being guaranteed access to the server. Failure to do so means that the workstation can be quarantined or its access to the server is denied until it meets the minimum-security requirements (Minasi & Daril 145).

Recommendation

The Bank should change its password policies to more stringent measures, such as, limiting the number of trials, setting minimum password length, and the use of double authentication policies in its network security policies and strategies (Kelbely and Sterling 67).

A tool that will help in the realization of the above recommendation is the Microsoft Group Policy Resource Kit and the Active Directory service, which can be integrated in both the Server 2008 and the Windows Vista workstations. With these tools, the network administrator of the Bank can make use of policy-based management in order to ensure that there is effective administration of the user accounts and the workstation computers that run on Windows XP professional and Vista. This resource offers technical information regarding to the simplification and automation of the various administrative tasks. In addition, the resource kit offers system updates and provides a framework for the centralization of network resource management. (Layfield and Mueller 89)

Case 2: Using Windows Server 2008 Auditing

Windows server 2008 has various auditing enhancements, which are mainly used for increasing the levels of details during security auditing logs, and provides a framework for simplification and the use and management of the various auditing policies set forth by the company. The enhancements incorporated in Windows Server 2008 include (Ruest & Ruest 65):

1. Global Object Access Auditing: This allows network administrators to set Computer wide System Access Control Lists (SACLs) for the file system and the registry. This is important in ensuring protection of all the critical files and folders, and the settings of the registry (Ruest & Ruest 66).
2. “Reason for access” reporting: this offers the required privileges that can be used for evaluating the decision on whether to allow or deny access to a particular resource object. This is important in providing documentation for permissions, which is core in preventing the occurrence of a specific auditable event (Ruest & Ruest 66).
3. Advanced Audit policy settings: this can be used to specify the target activities to be audited and so away with any other activities that do not require auditing. In short, it makes the auditing process easy to manage and decode.

In Windows Server 2008, there are 53 auditable events, implying that it offers a framework for selecting the number and the types of events to audit. A specific characteristic of the server 2008 is that all auditing events are integrated with the Group policy resource (The Microsoft Windows Server Team 345). This facilitates the configuration, deployment and management of these settings under the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC). Alternatively, this can be done under Local security Policy or the Organizational Unit (OU). The basic principle is that Windows server makes it easy to track network activities. Audit enhancements found in Windows Server 2008 can be used for linking the rules of the bank and the various audit policies (The Microsoft Windows Server Team 124). In the case of the People’s Trust and Bank, using audit policy settings on the OU will facilitate the documentation of compliance with the organizational rules, for instance, tracking the access of files by the employees, confirmation of the accurate SACL used in accessing the files, folders and registry keys, and tracking all the group administrator policies (Tittel & Korelc 78).

Case 3: managing client computers

Management of the client computers is an important aspect of network security and ensuring employee productivity at the Bank. Server 2008 has various utilities that can be configured in order to manage client computers, restrict access to specific file, and control operations among the client workstations (Tittel & Korelc 145). Limiting such rights implies that the client computers should be configured not to run as administrators during log on. In any case, the administrator account should be password protected in the network server, after which the accounts that do not have administrator properties should be configured not to have the rights to use the applications that they are not required to use. This can be achieved using the Remote Access Policy in Server 2008, which a set of rules used for defining authorization or rejection of connections (The Microsoft Windows Server Team 123). For each of the rules under the policy, there are profile settings and remote access permission settings. Additionally, access restriction of the client administrator can be done using the group policy. This is done by creating a group policy settings folder, then running the command MMC file via the Run utility, after which one can add-remove snap-in and then add the group policy. Then go to users, then admin temp in the control panel and disable access by double clicking on “prohibit access”. Every other settings, applications and files that are to be restricted are specified under the group policy settings.

Case 4: Solving a Problem with Security Updates

Client security in Windows server 2008 is achieved by using the Forefront Client security, which is used for providing unified virus protection for the client and the server. Forefront Client security features include real-time protection that has been integrated with the Windows Filter Manager, antivirus engine and advanced protection mechanism that bases on behavior analysis and tunneling signatures for virus detection and removal. In addition, the Forefront client security is compatible with the Network Access Protection service of Server 2008, meaning that any client computers that attempt to gain access to the network are crosschecked for security requirements for authorization or rejection. In many case, if the client computer security patches are not updated, they are not allowed to access the server. The Forefront client security feature solves this problem since it automatically searches and downloads the update patches in order to facilitate access to the server, thereby increasing overall security of the network (The Microsoft Windows Server Team 67).

Introduction

Global warming is an increase in Earth’s atmospheric temperature and in this case, the increase has been quite irrational. Earth’s temperature can be controlled and affected by radiation or short-wave energy which is visible and ultra violet light. Due to Global warming effects, the heat energy is passed on into the air rather than escaping into space. Consequently, the Earth will emit long-wave ‘infrared’ radiation as its surface warms up. The greenhouse gases which include carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone, nitrous oxide, and methane can trap the long-wave radiation to further warm the atmosphere. Together, these gases create a natural greenhouse, or ‘blanket’ effect that warms the Earth since they are mixed throughout the atmosphere. It has devastating effects on the society, natural environment and the world economy.

The root cause of the problem

Earth has been warming faster than any other time and human activity is to be largely blamed for this incidence. The growth of industrialization has vigorously increased such human activities as now most factories and other industrial sources pour out huge amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (Weart, 2008). Carbon dioxide is the biggest contributor to Global warming due to the immense increase in greenhouse gases, while the burning of fossil fuels has significantly raised its atmospheric levels to the highest for last 20 million years. Natural disasters such as coastal flooding, dry periods, habitat destruction and food shortages that we are currently experiencing globally, are just signs of a perilous future that awaits the planet if nothing is done to reduce global warming. Although industrialized nations are seen to be huge emitters of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, it is the poorer nations that will feel the great effects of global warming.

The threat to the environment

Human activities associated with Global warming such as the burning of fossil fuels emits sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere to form acid rain that can occur in the form of snow or even fog. Acid rain will fall on Earth to flow across water systems, runoff water, and also sinks into the soil to cause huge ecological effects. The acid rain will have an impact on streams, wetlands, and other aquatic environments. This will make water toxic to fish, clams, crayfish, and other aquatic animals. The acid rain also releases aluminum into the soil that will damage forests and other vegetations to consequently change how plants grow. These human activities also deteriorates the ozone layer to emit out extra ultraviolet B radiation that will affect the reproductive cycle of phytoplankton, which are single-celled organisms such as algae. This will in turn degenerate the populations of other animals as the phytoplankton makes up the base rung of the food chain (Maslin, 2007).

Proposed solutions to the issue

By using energy-efficient bulbs and other appliances in our homes, and utilizing solar and wind power, biofuels, natural gas, nuclear power, and renewable hydrogen, less energy will be produced into the atmosphere. Simple tasks such as switching off the light and other appliances when not being used would also help in reducing energy emission.  Carbon sequestration is also seen as a potential way of capturing carbon dioxide discharged from fossil fuels and storing it underground.  Tax increase on carbon would also discourage fossil fuel use (David, 2006).

Possible consequences if issue is unchecked

We might experience higher temperatures that would cause more heat waves, droughts, rising sea levels, and melting ice. Warmer oceans would mean an unfortunate recipe for storms and other flooding disasters which can be catastrophic for low-lying coastal cities. Forest fires would also be a common phenomenon as heat, drought, and dead trees, which are the three ingredients needed for such large-scale burning are on the rise due to Global warming. Global weather patterns would be altered and this will in turn deplete environmental order and beauty as we know it, thus affecting agricultural productivity and disturbing our food supplies (David, 2006).Global warming would also affect both human and animal health as the extra ultraviolet B radiation can cause cancer and other ailments.

Issue relation to Saint Leo’s core values of Respect and Responsible Stewardship

Since God our creator blessed us with an abundance of natural resources, it’s our duty in the spirit of service to employ all our resources into protecting both our ecosystem and community, in order to promote sanctity, serenity, and development from such man-made disasters. We should all take strides as a community and see to it that God’s natural beauty is preserved since it’s a gift to humanity.

 

In bid to remain in the market and still be competitive, a company may be involved in different ways that make them have the desired competition. One of the ways that a company may get involved in is breaking the antitrust laws, though it is against the laws of the land. Antitrust laws’ are laws that are meant to keep in competition between different firms in the market. The government is also instrumental in making sure that there are the regulations in the market that encourage competition.

Starbucks Coffee Company is one of the largest coffee retail businesses in the world. Since the company is one of the biggest companies in the world, it is used to control the market that is inexistence (Simon, 2009). However, this may change in case a new company may rise and bring much competition that Starbucks Coffee Company is not used to. The company may in turn open options of getting involved in mergers and acquisition so as to minimize the risk of losing the market, or even reducing the prices of their products that they are much in control of. Forming a cartel would mean that the organization still retains the image it has, as well as reducing the competition that may be in existence. The government has the responsibility of ensuring that there is the needed competition in the market, and so as to maintain this, it may be forced to act in a way to ensure this does not exist. By ensuring that they supervise these mergers, the government certifies that the general public will not be denied their right of enjoying quality prices for the product they are enjoying. Sometimes, the government may even prohibit the mergers that are planned to take place so as to ensure that the competition still in existence.

One of the ways that Starbucks Coffee Company can provide external benefit is by ensuring that they observe the public health issues in existence in the region. They would do this by making sure that their products are quality and are manufactured in such a way that they do not cause any harm to the consumers of the same. Another way that Starbucks Coffee Company can get involved in provision of benefit externality is ensuring that they provide safety to their consumers, especially in their entertainment part of their organization. The company can also start an educational institution that would offer learning to the society. The same may be extended to the point that the poor in the society are offered a chance to access the institution by offering scholarship to them. In the same way, the company can also have cost externality to them. By polluting the environment through the production of their products, Starbucks Coffee Company can cause cost externality. Failure to take the responsibility of keeping a conducive environment may lead to the company imposing a strain to the environment. One of the other ways that the company may cause cost eternity is by imposing social hazards in the environment. By undervaluing the pension fund of the workers in the organization, the company can have a push of these costs to other organizations. In turn, this may result to a scenario where there exists moral hazard. It is also notable that coffee can be addictive in nature; the fact that individuals would get addicted to this beverage and failure to take it as a problem to them is a mistake (Simon, 2009). When such a scenario happens, a cost externality arises. The government can be instrumental in solving this problem. Among the various options available to them is ensuring that there are various policies in place that ensures that for operations of any business to occur, they should have a certain standard. Having certain standard laws ensures that the company takes the responsibility of the externalism that is in existence and the ones that are involved in causing to the environment to be polluted. In the case of Starbucks Coffee Company, to avoid any pollution, the company would be encouraged on using environmental friendly production instruments.

It is of importance for the government to be involved as a buyer in the market economy. The government has the responsibility of doing this due to two different perspectives; the government perspective, and the business perspective. For one, the government will get involved in the market economy in bid to control the quality of the products that are being produced in the market. Just like any other buyer, when the government is involved it would get to know whether the products are of the underlined quality it requires them to have at every given time. It is like getting involved in a way of ensuring that the cost externals that are in existence are minimized. From the business perspective, the government would be involved in the market economy as a way of promoting competition in the market. As a way of ensuring that there is rise and growth of local industries, the government can get involved in buying the products of the companies that are in existence as a way of promoting them. Involvement of the government may also be as a way of redistributing income to the other players and sectors of the economy. Such initiative of the government ensures that there is growth of various business and sectors of the economy. Being a buyer in various sectors can be a way of fueling development and growth that is needed in the economy.

Starbucks Coffee Company can get involved with the government in various ways. One of the ways is partnering with the government in ensuring that there is recycling of some of the products in the environment. The company can also get to a bigger market when selling to the government (Pham-Gia, 2009). The government may provide a big market of the company products and also increased their productivity levels. Another benefit that might come with selling the products to government is that as long as they maintain the level of productivity that the government desires, there is no risk of another company coming up and offering competitions since the government uses tenders in buying their products. Though there may be existence of the benefits of selling the products to the government the draw backs are not also in lack. At times, changes to the products may not be welcome by the government. Having changes in the products may be a problem as such is only welcome to other consumers who are usually rational of the products in provision. On the perspective of the government buying from Starbucks Coffee Company, it may be of benefit to them. To start with, they are assured of consistency of provision of the products available to them and also they are assured of quality of the products offered to them as the organization has a reputation of offering quality products (Simon, 2009). Buying from Starbucks Coffee Company would also be a way of ensuring that the government meets its objective of distribution of income. The drawback to such a move is that the government may not be promoting other companies that may be small in the region and there is a risk that the company may become a monopoly in future.

The company may consider engaging in a merger with other companies. In case the company may feel that there is unnecessary competition or even need to control the market, the company may engage in a merger. Though such a move may come with some benefits, and also some other risks come with it. One of such risks is trading in the stock exchange, especially if the other company has shares that have a lower value that the ones of Starbucks Coffee Company. Some of the shareholders may not be up to the move and may result in selling their shares. However, there are many benefits that come with formation of mergers. For one, it means that there is less competition in the market and the much needed research is not required like before. The money that would have been used in that activity would be directed to do other activities. Moreover, there is also the benefit of having a wider market as the other firm has an already established market. The government may not always welcome an existence of a merger. It is usually the desire of the government for the public to enjoy fair prices and keep the competition in the market. The two companies may not merge since the government may fail to support such an exercise, if it feels that the general public runs the risk of being exploited.