Author: chris

Harvester Judgement of 1907 took place on 8^th November after a hearing of one month. The judgement was done by the justice Henry Bournes Higgins. At that period agriculture was one of leading industrial activity where it got farming equipments and machinery from the well known companies such as the Harvester Company owned by Hugh Victor Mckay. For quite a long time before the Harvester Judgement, the workers used to work in poor working conditions and not to mention that at the end of the day they received low wages. There had been an establishment of a court known as Conciliation and Arbitration Court which was aimed at addressing any dispute between workers and their employers in 1904. The Harvester Judgement however is addressed as a point of reference which led to the increments of the wages to the workers and at least the reasonable payment level established by the industrial courts (Hagenann,  2008).

To begin with the owner of the Harvester Company Mckay had applied to the Conciliation and Arbitration court so that he might be exempted from payment of the machinery duty. The court had been established to address disputes but it had powers to exempt the machinery duty if the owner paid his workers fair wages. His claim was in reference on the Act which allowed a free duty of the locally manufactured machines on condition that the owner of these machines paid his workers fair wages. His workers opposed the application through the union Agricultural Implement Workers in which they were members. The union argued that Mckay’s worker didn’t receive fair wages which lead into court case to his application. The term harvester judgement was therefore derived from the ruling judgement of this case by the Huggins and the company involved- Harvester Company (Gordon, 2002).

There was no formal law which was meant to define what was termed as a reasonable wage at the same time fair ones. This therefore led to an attempt by the justice Huggins of what could be referred as reasonable wage which is fair to a worker. By this he made considerations on the wages that Mckay used to pay to his workers. The Mckay’s workers received a wage of 36 shillings at the end of the week, and so Huggins tried to weigh its effectiveness in terms of meeting the workers’ basic needs. Apart from the main three known basic need: food, clothing and shelter he also put into considerations of the life insurance coverage and the transport cost. He did this through interviewing the workers and made a conclusion that a wage that was to be viewed as a reasonable at the same time fair was supposed to be at least 42 shillings a week, (Hagenann ,  2008).

There was however the signing of the contract before any employment of which the employees were supposed to agree in to terms and conditions which were provided. This was always inclusive of the payment agreement of which the Mckay’s workers just as other workers had signed. The contract agreement however was not meant to under look the reasonable conditions on payment to the workers by the fact that they were jobless but as a means of accountability of the employers. According to Huggins the employers like Mckay were not supposed to underpay their workers although he claimed not to be doing so. He therefore made a ruling judgement based on the fact that Mckay should not be exempted from paying the machinery duty. Mckay was then ordered to pay 20000 pounds as a duty for his machinery from, (Gordon, 2002).

It was also made clear that if then he would be exempted from paying this duty he would then have to raise the wages to his workers by 27% increase. He was also supposed to pay extra wage to his workers for any overtime duty on top of this increase in which it was not supposed to be on the normal rate. Mckay had a negative attitude towards the union of which he didn’t want to employ the members of the union. Now this also led the union to reveal to the court that Mckay used only to pay any overtime on ordinary rates. In his defense he stated that the workers had received a great bonus just at the end of the previous year. This was however not fair as workers who did greatest amount of work didn’t receive much of them as most of it was directed to the workers at the top positions in his company (Gordon, 2002).

Huggins ruling was not just based on the evidences presented by the union but his decision was based by the fact that he himself viewed employment as a social act. Huggins. Mckay however didn’t agree to the ruling of the Huggins and according to him the 36 shillings that he was paying his workers was reasonable enough. According to him it was too much to the company if he had to increase this wage as most of his workers were unskilled while the work that they were doing, was easier as it was unique from other forms. This was however not true as the witnesses who were presented by the union stated that the kind of work that they did was similar when compared to elsewhere and on top of this, they received lower wages than other non Mckay workers (Hagenann,  2008).

‘The lady with the pet dog’ is a short story by Chekhov, Anton about a man who is not satisfied with his marriage and fell in love with a woman who he met while in his vacation. The story’s main character is called Dmitri Dmitritch Gurov. He has a wife and is a father to a daughter and two sons. He is not in his old age but almost forty years of age. Dmitri got married while he was young, when he was a student in his second year where his mother searched a spouse for her, and ever since has not been faithful to his wife. He expresses his thoughts and hatred feelings towards his wife. ‘He thinks of his wife as unintelligent, narrow and inelegant,’ since she misspells his name every time she called her Dimitri instead of Dmitry. He prefers being away from home and spending time at the bank or at the bar than be at home with his family. This shows his cowardness as he is afraid of his wife and instead of facing her he runs away to Yalta. With his wife’s experience, he considers women as low class and refers to them as ‘lower race’, “… and this was no doubt why he spoke slightingly of women, to whom he referred to as the lower race,” Chekhov, 2007. After a night of walk and talk with Anna, he reminisces about her and claims that there has to be something pathetic about her. This shows that he analyzes all women before he makes love to them. His love for women is so huge that not even two days could go by without having them. He prefers women’s company and being around them more than his fellow men. Around women he feels wholesome and at ease but when with men he is silent and cold. Dmitri is described as good looking and one with a character which attracts women to him and knows how to handle them. In his vacation at Yalta, she meets a woman who captures his attention. We learn that he is mean as he offered to give the dog a bone and not a piece of meat. We also learn that his hometown is Moscow where he owns two houses. While in campus he pursued a degree in arts and is currently working in a bank. He was an opera singer which he did away with.

Chekhov, 2007, in his short story depict Dmitri as perverted as he sleeps with many women whom he describes them and explains there historic experiences, “…he preserved memories of careless, good-natured women, who loved cheerfully and were grateful to him for the happiness he gave them…very beautiful, cold women, on whose faces he had caught a glimpse of a rapacious expression,” Chekhov, 2007. He is able to learn a lot about a woman by her actions without even speaking to her, “…Her expression, her gait, her dress, and the way she did her hair told him that she was a lady, that she was married, that she was in Yalta for the first time and alone, and that she was dull there,” Chekhov, 2007. He moulds her to something he wants her to be and not what he has proven. He kisses Anna at the harbor but with fright hoping that no one saw them kiss then suggests they go to a private place and complete the romance. This shows that he is not confident with the affair and is afraid of his wife or of Anna’s husband. He commits adulterous behavior with Anna who is twice his age younger. He is lonely since at home and at work he has no one to talk to about his new lover. He is daring as he goes to find her lover in her home a

Pop Culture

The market for consumer goods faces intense competition arising from the consumer side, suppliers, regulating authorities, and also from other environment protection side, thus affecting the performance of different market players. Because a greater number of companies are competing in a particular product category that target the same consumer, this results in high competition from each side in terms of promotional campaigns, obtaining shelf space in the retail points, and improving the brands image among consumers (Gary and Eliane 35). Any particular consumer goods market is turbulent and very dynamic, take for example, the carbonated soft drink (CSD) market where the key market players are Coca-Cola and Pepsi.

Coca-cola promotion has had a significant effect on American advertising and its overall culture; it has deployed print advertisements since the start of the company. Examples of its print advertisement are “Drink coca-cola” which was first print and published in 1895, “coke adds life”, which was published in 1975 and branded coke as the soft drink for all occasions. This targeted the young and was designed to show consumers that coke adds enjoyment to life.  “Coke side of life” was another print ad which was published in 2002 among many others. Coca-cola has also deployed television advertisements in bid to enhance its brand name, an example of television ad is “coke adds life” which was introduced in 1976 and emphasized refreshment. It tried to show coke as a perfect accompaniment to food, fun and leisure.

Pepsi has also tried to deploy both print media and television advertisement in its marketing strategy. Pepsi introduced the Pepsi challenge marketing campaign where it set up a blind tasting between its Pepsi-cola and its rival Coca-cola. During the blind tastes, majority of the tasters chose Pepsi as better tasting and Pepsi took advantage of this campaign with TV commercials and reported the tests back to the public.

The marketing strategy deployed by both Coca-Cola and Pepsi is to market their product as part of a lifestyle. Coca-Cola uses phrases such as “Coke side of life” in its print and television advertisements and in its website (www.coca-cola.com), while Pepsi uses phrases such as “Hot Stuff” in its website (www.pepsi.com). Pepsi tries to target the young audience by affiliating to pop culture, and its commercials which they featured Britney Spears and Keshauntae Brown who are both Pop music artists. Coca-Cola on the other hand, employs a classical appeal in its advertisements possibly because of the history it has as the standard of CSDs. Coke traditional logo is very common and tasters and drinkers can associate with it.

In the recent Pepsi, decided not to use its “super bowl” advertisements and focused on a “Refresh everything” campaign and asked its audiences to come up with ideas that can help refresh the world in terms of health, nature, art and culture, food and shelter, and education after which audiences submit their descriptions and Pepsi selects which ones to fund. This greatly influenced their customer relations. Coca-cola on the other hand has been using social media to build up their customer relationships. Coca-cola has the second most popular fan page on face book (after President Obama).

Generally, the advertising trends of both companies have been revolutionized from the traditional print and TV ads to the use of social media to sensitize and enhance brand name of their products (Gary and Eliane 50). For instance, Coca-cola was the official sponsor of the 2010 world cup.

Introduction

The use of symbols is considered an essential method of communication today. Ancient symbols for example have been used to communicate the culture of the concerned people as well as their beliefs and history. An example of such ancient symbols that make part of is people’s history and culture up to today is Baalbek which is Lebanon’s Sacred Fortress. In the Eastern part of Lebanon there lays the great temple complex of Baalbek. The temple now lies in ruins and is usually located in the highest point in the Beeka valley. Amongst the ruins, there still stands the largest and tallest block of stone, one of its own kind in the whole world and one of the most unique and adored holy places in the ancient times (Collins 12-23).  .

It is believed that the name Baalbek originated from combining two concepts. The first one is Baal which was a name given to god through out Middle East. The term Baalbek then is believed to mean ‘God of Bekaa valley’. During the reign of the Romans (64 BC-312 AD) the city was known as the city of the sun and the temple became the central place where they worshiped the sky/sun god Jupiter. According to the known history of the temple, it was erected during the reign of Emperor Augustus and saw its completion in 60 AD making it the largest ever worship place to be put up by the Romans (Collins 12-23).

The massive tones of stones still standing in the ruins today are an important feature of the Lebanese people. Even though some of the answers as to the nature of the construction remain unanswered today, the Lebanese people still very much look up to the remains of the Jupiter temple in Baalbek as an important part of history that they can relate to. The architectural designs applied in the buildings are astonishing. The massive blocks of stones that weigh thousands of kilos were used to build the temple. Even today no crane holds the capability of lifting a load weighing that much, which then begs the answer how the ancient Romans were able to transport these blocks of stone (Mruzek 12-17).

Baalbek is today seen as a very important and symbolic holy place. It was given the name of Sun City just like the title given to ancient holy places in Egypt by the Romans. The place was construction depicted some very notable and beautiful architectural designs which were dedicated to worship of their god Baal. Several temples built around the temple of Jupiter were also dedicated to worshiping other gods who were important to the people of Beeka valley. The presence of Baalbek therefore is important to the Lebanese people as it reveals their ancient religious cultural practices including the different gods that the locals worshiped.

Introduction

There are a number of unusual behaviors present in people not only when conscious but also during sleep. Sleep talking, sleep walking, confusion arousals, sleep eating and night terrors are a number of behaviors that people practice while asleep. They are also known as parasomnias or generally non rapid eye movement sleep parasomnias. Sleep talking also known as sormniloquy or sleep speech is just one of the very many unusual sleep behaviors.  According to Sadock, Kaplan, & Sadock ( 2007), sleep talking generally refers to utterance of psychological words while asleep without taking in to consideration the effect of the speech to the observers or basically other people. Further studies indicate that sleep talking can take place in various forms. The act can involve the utterance of some audible words or just mumbling indicating that the person asleep is attempting to speak. The can  also take place when a person produces some other sounds other than speech that convey a particular meaning such as crying, laughing, and humming to mention just a few. At times sleep taking can also mean nonlinguistic utterances without any psychological importance and more often than not associated with changing positions while asleep.  Although sleep talking is a normal occurrence, it is difficult to give the right demographics since it occurs when some one is asleep and even the other people who can report about it are also usually asleep during its occurrence.  Although due to the complication and sensitivity of the behavior only a few methodological studies have been carried out, this essay shall focus more on the behavior and narrow down to the causes and the treatments of the same.

Background Information

According to the studies of Arkin (1981), most people agree that sleep talking is a normal occurrence in the general population and generally affects young children, adolescents and also the young adults. However, it is important to note that there is a high probability that the high prevalence among the younger population is just due to the fact that the observation is often made by the older population who are always awake when the younger ones are asleep.   Although many psychologists who have attempted to study sleep talking term it as an abnormal occurrence some of them note that it can only be termed as normal when it is not accompanied with other sleep behaviors.  Other has noted that it is common in sanguine and to people with nervous temperaments.  Other scholars have also recorded that sleep taking is a symptom of hysterical constitution.  Further studies illustrate that there are other disorder like epilepsy, infection of the central nervous system and other forms of psychopathology which are often the background of sleep talking. As much a as there is difficulty in studying the sleep disorders the available literature from most studies suggest that sleep taking is more common that all the other sleep behaviors that have  been  recorded. The same studies illustrate that in the adult population the prevalence rate of sleep talking is higher that than the total prevalence of the other sleep talking behaviors.

Since during sleep talking other hearing organs like the ears are usually dormant, the voice of a sleep taker is usually different from the voice of a conscious person. At times, the speech can be coherent and the coherency can also change.  The issue of sleep talking is usually strange because in some cases people utter meaningful phrases and can also respond to the questions of the observers while in some cases, they can be coherent and fail to respond to the questions of observers. Speech can clearly illustrate someone’s flow of thought while in some cases; there is actually no flow of thought illustrated.  The content of what is said during sleep talking varies from one person to another.  However, most studies record that though there is no evidence from laboratory experiments, the content of sleep talk is usually emotional and more often than not, it illustrates a fear, regret, a wish or even a desire to name just a few.  The relationship between sleep talk and the meditation of someone while awake remains to be a contentious issue.  This is due to the fact that some studies indicate that there is a relationship between sleep talk and the meditation of a person while awake and other record that there is actually no relationship (Coon, 2009).

Causes of Sleep talking

There are different causes of sleep talking which may range from biological, psychological, and even in some cases hereditary.  But it is important to understand the sleep cycle to be able to know exactly when sleep talking takes place.  According to the studies of Arkin (1981), sleep takes place in three stages. The first stage is known as a slow wave sleep and is closely followed by light sleep which is characterized by rapid eye movement (REM).  The sleep cycle may last for a period of one and a half hours or even two yours and continues to repeat itself thought the whole night.  There are unique brain wave patterns which are unique in every stage. Dreams occur more clearly during the period of rapid eye movement.  At times, the brain can be in a state of wakefulness whiles the other part is in a stage of slow wave sleep due to periods between wakefulness and deep sleep. Consequently, unusual sleep behaviors like sleep talking take place at this stage (Coon & Mitterer, 2008).

Studies which have been conducted indicate that sleep talking results when some one is trying to stay awake due to several reasons hence maintaining slow wave sleep.  Lack of sleep for some time is therefore one of the reasons that lead to sleep talking. When one is deprived off sleep, and is trying to fall asleep, the result is slow wave sleep and the same results to sleep behaviors like sleep talking.  The behavior also occurs when some one is trying to stay awake and it is more common to people who sleep in strange places like hotel rooms and lodgings. Similarly, it is also common during disturbed especially to children who are usually transferred from one sleeping place to another. Studiers have found that the behavior is more common to people who try to protect themselves from harm during sleep and therefore, it is more common in people who leave in less secure places (Coon, 2009).  In addition, it frequency is more in military barracks due to war tensions which contributes greatly to emotional disturbances.

According to the studies of Arkin (1981), there is an association between sleep taking and psychopathology. In a study which was conducted, results indicated that most of the people who can recall their dreams may be sleep talkers while those who cannot recall their dreams are less sleep talkers.  Although some research needs to be conducted to reveal the exact association between sleep talking and psychological problems, further studies illustrate that there is a likely hood that there exists a certain association between the two.

As highlighted earlier, there is a close association between sleep talking and other sleep behaviors as well as with some conditions like epileptic attacks. A certain study conducted to research on the same revealed that some men who were epileptic also suffered from sleep talking. In yet another study, results indicated that sleep talking may run in families.  This is due to the fact that a study which was conducted indicated that most of the sleep takers had people in their family who were suffering from the same problem. It may not be known exactly the exact heredity factor that contributes to sleep talking but the truth it can be passed on from one generation to another through hereditary factors. Although there are other psychiatric problems which have been associated with sleep talking; the available research is only enough to conclude that sleep talking is a sign of severe psychiatric disturbances. This is due to the fact that it has been noted that it is mostly present in people suffering from other psychiatric disorders (Arkin, 1981).

In most cases, when sleep talking is not associated with other disturbances, its prevalence decreases with age since studies indicate that it seems to decrease after the age of twenty five years. However, when it occurs accompanied by other pathological disorders, there is actually no much change even after the age of twenty five years. Bent on that, it is clear that treating and managing sleep talk depends with the cause of the problem.

Treatment of Sleep talking

Many researchers record that there is actually a very small percentage of sleep takers who seek medical attention. This is due to the fact that sleep taking as highlighted earlier occurs when people are asleep and most of the sleep takers can do it for many years without their knowledge. However, it has been noted that when the conditions leading to sleep talk are changed, the frequency reduces or the behavior can disappear altogether. This was reported in the army barracks since after the conditions were changed, the army officers experienced less sleep taking.

As highlighted earlier, this behavior occurs together with other diseases like the epilepsy.  Once such diseases are treated, sleep talking behavior also reduces or is entirely limited. Therefore, people suffering from the disorder are usually treated of other diseases in case the disorder does not occur alone. According to Shneerson (2005), behavioral therapy can also be used to reduce or eliminate the problem. Further studies illustrate reassurance can be a very important intervention. The victim needs to be explained to and to be reassured and since disease is psychological, some improvements are usually noted.

Sleep talking can result from improper sleep hygiene like the deprivation of sleep. Bent on that, victims are usually advised on how to observe sleep hygiene and by so doing, they are able to minimize the problem. For instance, since it affects mostly children, care takers are advised to reduce or eliminate disturbances during sleep which lead to wakefulness.  Any behavior that can lead to arousal during sleep should be reduced. For instance, noise should be reduced and children should not be transferred from one sleeping location to another while asleep. Other factors that affect sleep like too much cold or heat should be taken care of during treatment.  Lastly, there are other medications that can help in sleep disorders usually in the class of benzodiazepines and are used during the treatment of sleep talking.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Study of various researches indicate that sleep talking is a common occurrence to both males and females during the early ears of life but more common in men than women after twenty five years. It may not be a major problem medically but it really affects people close to sleep talking which are known although the research conducted is not enough to make valid conclusions on some causes like the heredity factors. Nonetheless, the few studies conducted have contributed greatly to the field of psychology. Treatment options is also a field that needs more research and has been made difficult by the fact people rarely seek medical attention. No one can negate the fact that it is a sensitive topic and thus conducting laboratory experiments and other methodological studies is quit hard. However, it is time psychologists and other researchers put in some effort since the disorder still requires intervention.

For those high school students planning on attending college, there is an expectation to live up to the numerous television shows and movies which depict college students drunk, stoned, and horny yet somehow graduate from college and earn high wages. For many students, it does not end in such a positive manner. One cannot party for four years and expect to come out a better person at the end. This study delves into the issue of the college student and if alcohol and drug abuse affect the college student’s behavior. It will also investigate what those changes will likely be as the physical, psychological, and emotional effects of drug and alcohol abuse alters the individual.

METHODS

    This study involved examination of past literature on the topic. The materials were then examined in the light of Helene Raskin White et al (2008) study dubbed Increases in Alcohol and Marijuana Use during the Transition out of High School into Emerging Adulthood: The effects of Leaving Home, Going to College and High School Protective Factors.

  The main source of data for the study was Helene Raskin White et al (2008) study. The other sources of data were similarly peer-reviewed journal articles. After identification of the articles, most of the data from the articles was accessed from the online copies of the studies.

   For articles to be used in this study, they had to be peer-reviewed. The articles to be included in the study were the ones addressing the contemporary issues surrounding the topic of study, with the oldest study being used having been conducted in 1994. The quality of the data and the overall quality of the study was ensured by usage only of peer-reviewed articles as references in the study. This study was closely tied to the findings of the past peer-reviewed articles. The works included have their details given in the references’ list.

 Critical Analysis

The introduction statement represents the norm of college life. A norm is described as “dominant or typical attitudes, expectations, and behaviors not only characterized these groups but also regulate group’s members’ actions to perpetuate the collective norm” (Perkins, 2002, p. 164). Many students leaving home for the first time struggle with the independence from family and strict rules. Without proper grounding during their formative years, students with this increased independence will live without boundaries, without self-control, and without common sense (Cooper, 2002, p. 101). This leads to binge drinking, alcoholism, drug abuse, and sexual promiscuity (Cooper, 2002, p. 101). Along with the increases mentioned previously, there is an increase in sexual assaults, sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS, and other criminal charges for aggressive behavior and assault (Cooper, 2002, p. 101). The question that plagues many is why there is such an expectation for sex, drugs, and alcohol in college if the evidence proves the damage of these in excess causes on youth ages 18-24. Also in question is why the media believes this as an appropriate manner of depicting college life. There is a direct correlation to the expectation of high school students and the depiction in television and movies. Research has concluded that heavy drinking three or more times in a two week period in college is common in one-fourth of the student population (Hingson et al, 2001, p. 136). These results show a 20% increase from the survey taken in 1993 (Hingson et al, 2001, p. 136). The most common substances abuses include alcohol, marijuana, and prescription drugs due to the increased availability of these substances on or near the campus.