Author: chris

 There are many events that took place in America during the era of Richard Nixon which had great historical significance. Such events are inclusive of stopping of the Vietnam War, having a person visiting the moon planet and Nixon’s visit to People’s Republic of China. Of all the memorable events, president’s visit to China was the most outstanding bearing in mind that it was the first time an American president paid a visit to China and by then, America was China’s worst enemy (Black pp. 70). Therefore, it was not only unexpected for a president to pay a visit to the country, but the visit became a metaphor to the Americans and to other countries in the world. The American citizens had to react to the unexpected visit especially due to the fact that Nixon was an anti-communist and China on the other hand was associated with communists’ countries of the Soviet Union like Russia and some other countries in the Eastern Europe.  Moreover, the action created controversies to the American citizens because Nixon’s anti-communist views had contributed greatly to his election as a vice president in the year 1952. It is clear that the visit resulted to negative and positive reactions among different groups in America. With that background in mind, this essay shall describe Nixon’s visit and narrow down to Americans and Chinese reactions towards the same.

Before embarking on the main issue concerning Nixon’s visit to China, it is important to discuss some of the background issues concerning Nixon, as illustrated in his autobiography.  Having being born in California in the year 1913, Nixon started to practice law in Duke University Law School.  His political career began when he was thirty nine years after he was elected to join the congress in the year 1950.  He was then elected as a vise president two years after joining the congress.  Although he was aspiring to be a president during the election held in the year 1960, his opponent John Kennedy defeated him and ended up becoming the President (Nixon pp. 189).

Richard Nixon political life was characterized by major accomplishments and major challenges. In his life, he has managed to write some books like his autobiography and book entitled ‘six crises’ which explain major accomplishments and challenges. For instance, he explains his first goal once he was elected was on reconciliation. That is the reason he undertook to bring to an end the Vietnam War and to improve the relationships between American and China (Nixon pp. 210).  The fact that astronauts were able to go to the moon planet in the year 1969 cannot be underestimated. Nonetheless, he also writes about has major challenges which he faced while he was in office which climaxed during his resignation. Although he had defeated his opponent in the 1972 election with a wide margin, Watergate scandal which took place a few months after  contributed greatly to his resignation as it did to other  administration officials. He eventually resigned in August 1974 for the sake of allowing the process of healing to take place in America, as he explained it. His resignation marked the end of presidency journey which had began in the year 1968.  A lot of issues covered in his autobiography are beyond the scope of this paper.  It is therefore important to dwell on the main issue which is to describe his visit to China in 1972.

The preparation of the Nixon’s visit to China started in the year 1971 after his National Security advisor paid a visit to Beijing secretly on his way to Pakistan.  Nixon’s trip started on February 21^st and lasted for seven days until 28^th February. During his seven days trip, he was able to visit Beijing, Shanghai as well as Hangzhou. Immediately after Nixon arrived in China, he was able to meet Mao who had been ill for sometime but was already recovering. The meeting only incorporated Chinese top officials and President Nixon as well as Winston Lord who was the Americans Ambassador to China. Since P. Rodgers, the Secretary of State was excluded from the meeting; Lord was also not included in the official photographs.  After the first meeting, Nixon also met with other diplomats from China at a place known as Great Hall of the people where the meetings conducted lasted for duration of forty minutes to four hours (Connors pp. 4).

Introduction

The foreign policies of a country refer to the strategies that the country undertakes to uphold its international affairs aimed at the achievement of its goals in matters that regard international relations. They usually define the strategies that govern a country’s relation with foreign countries. The policies are always aimed at maximizing the mutual benefits that accompany international relations (Fukuyama, 20). The objective of this particular case study is to evaluate the foreign and globalization policies of Egypt. Egypt’s policies are greatly determined by geopolitics due its location; its geographical position is strategic since it borders two continents and has a link between two major water ways: the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. Its foreign policies must be strong enough in order to have control over the vast resources that it surrounds and to avoid being victims of external powers. Egypt also has control of River Nile and it is of great significance its economy. The foreign policies of Egypt are based on principles of non-alignment and they are primarily aimed at the upholding the country’s political position, both at the regional and international level. These foreign policies are established for the sole purpose of attaining the overall good for the Egyptian society with regard to their Islamic values. The foreign policies of Egypt thus can be best described as liberalism because the foreign policies that govern its international relations are basically aimed towards the domestic importance of Egyptians and the maintenance of Islamic values.

Globalization in Egypt was not received well due to the religious attachment the Egyptians have towards Islamic values. The policies that govern the country both at international and domestic level are based on the Islamic values. They viewed globalization as a threat to their religious values (Stiglitz, 36). Globalization presented itself as a challenge to Egyptians; they had to choose between accepting it at the risk of its influence on their religious values and the general benefits that accompany globalization. Egypt embraced globalization but not on complete appreciation of its social transformation to the Egyptian society. To Egypt, the social transformations that came with globalization was not put into much consideration, instead, they focused on the economic benefits of globalization. This globalization patterns represented the transformationalist view. Egypt globalization pattern extremely oppose the hyperglobalist view because they are of the view that globalization will result to a loss of their political position, both at the regional and international level. The globalization patterns of Egypt can not be describes from skeptics perspective, skeptics are extremely opposed to globalization terming it as politically defective.

Egypt is one of the Arab countries that can be used to highlight the merits and challenges due to globalization. The view that global change results to winners and losers is acceptable. Globalization in Egypt resulted to a number of benefits. The nation’s economy got a boost that can be accredited to technological advancements and social transformations among the Egyptians. Globalization resulted to transformation of Egypt’s economy from a centrally controlled market to a free market economy; due to the intervention of the World Bank and international monetary Fund. This transition presented many challenges to the citizens of Egypt because the government services were cut and the prices of domestic goods rose. Another effect of globalization was social transformation, this facilitated women’s involvement in economic activities.  The Egypt’s winners and losers from the process of globalization can be from viewed from the NIE perspective, they believe that losses due to global change are short term and in the long run, globalization is meant to be of ultimate good in the global market.

Global cities in the modern world form a major finance hub for many Islamic cities and Egypt is no exception. Its geographic location makes it a strategic location for linking Arabs, Muslims and Africans. Egypt strategic location as a land bridge that separates two continents plays an important role in its economic development. One of the major cities in Egypt is Cairo, which forms major global economic hub in Egypt. Other global cities in Egypt include Alexandria; which is located along the coastline of Mediterranean Sea. Other cities in Egypt include Giza, Al Dakahleya, and the red sea, Al Beheira, Al Fayoum and many more.(Hana & Hanaa, 156) Most of these cities are commercial based, administrative and have rich manufacturing industries. In terms of development of global cities, Egypt has not developed much to reach a world class level. The concept of competitive advantage implies that countries or states aim at implementing policies that favor them in the market and gives them power to control the dynamics of the market. Competitive advantage always results in a nation to outperform its major competitors (Vietor, 39). In terms of the competitive advantage of nations, Egypt has been greatly favored by its geographical position and time difference. Its geographic locations favor it in terms of business activities since it has two major water ways and it is centrally located between Europe and Asia. This offers it competitive advantages over other nations since its links are close to other continents. Egypt can also be viewed as politically strategic, it forms the link between Africans, Arabs and Muslims, and therefore it serves a major role in Africa. Egypt’s cultural proximity plays a major role in ensuring competitive advantage. Its trade relations with the United States and Europe integrate the Egyptians into American culture which is a major factor in determining international business relations. The government understands the importance of the competitive advantage it has over other nations and therefore established policies that would help strengthen its competitive advantage.

 

We all live in the world where in the day to day life we have to interact with one another the so called the social world. Our interactions are governed by the social behaviors. These social behaviors can be understood through the understanding of some assumptions which have been made on the world understanding on interpersonal relationship and shared cognition. There are three theories which attempt to give this understanding on the social world which include: the functionalism or structural functionalism theory, the conflict or the Marxist theory, and the symbolic-interactionist which is sometimes referred to as constructionalist or interpretive theory. These are the main core concepts of sociology. The following discussion therefore, is inclusive of the background information of these core concepts as well as their illustration and application[1].

To start with, the three concepts have some comparisons and contractions in their relationship. Marxist and the functionalist view the society control being significant in that the people’s behavior and relationship within them are determined by the societal norms. The three concepts illustrate the responsibility carried by the social organization in every society like schools. They also show how these organizations help in construction of the shared values in the society. In the three concepts the society is always socially constructed where structural functions focus on different element- the families- in their functions to build a whole system[2]. Conflict theory focuses on the social conflicts attained as people interact in their different activities, while symbolic-interactionist addresses the way people dwell in a world which is socially constructed by different institutions.

Functionalist like the Malinowski view a society as one composed of institutions such as schools, and family. Marriage is also important where the functionalist assumes the non-existence of conflict or any diversity. In this the families with single parents should not exist where as marriage is a very important aspect. In Marxist theory families have no coinciding relationship with the marriages. External factors such as the environmental forces enhance their existence while shaping them. In symbolic interactionist there is no set importance on either marriage or families. They are all based on assumption. Structural functionalism assumes three major things: stability of the family, harmony of the family and the evolution of the social structures all believed to maintain the society[3]. Conflict theory has assumptions on competition in limited resources, revolution as a result of conflict, structural inequalities all meant to make up into better social structures. Symbolic-interactionist has assumptions in that human work toward things which are scheduled founding on the meanings through interactions and modifications based on interpretive practice all meant to bring about interpersonal interactions in people.

Functionalist assumes that power is the setting in that; the powerful individual is in position of making cultural organization from the family. The man is to assume the dominative power without allowing a challenging chance lest there arise any conflict. Single parents are believed to provide excess power towards their children in that they are the source of all power. Marxist has a different view in the same. Conflict is based on the inequalities on power. Authorities and powers are represented in the social classes based on values when parenting. It is therefore difficult for the single parents to attain power as a result of low status one might have. Symbolic point of view of power in a family is based on the negotiations. It is dependent on who has the ability to provide to the family. In single parenting power exist on the position to provide to the family

The research about the history of Indianapolis Colts was significantly prompted due to the passion the people of the Indiana state have for American football. The people of Indiana State, over the past years and up to date have had a passion for American football. It has the highest number of American football fans in the United States. This is evidenced by the various American football teams in the various counties of the Indiana state. Just like other residents of Indiana State, I have built my interest on the American football leagues with particular interest to the National football League (NFL) teams .NFL is the most professional American football league in the United States and is the most watched league in the US. The seasons for NFL are always marked with excitement for the American football fans in the United States and the Indiana state is no exception (Hawkes, 2004).The research focuses on the history of Indianapolis Colts team.

The Indianapolis Colts are an American football team that is currently based on Indianapolis in Indiana State. Presently, they play at the south division of the National football League. The Indianapolis colt’s was officially created in 1953 under the name Baltimore Colts, but its history can be traced back to 1913 through the Dayton triangles; one of the founding members of the National Football League. The Colts are known to be first American football team to introduce cheerleaders. The Colts have a place in the history of the American football and National Football League history; they won four championships in the NFL during 1958, 1959, 1968 and super bowl V in 1971 while still based in Baltimore. After relocating to Indianapolis in Indiana the team won the super bowl XLI during 2007. The Indianapolis Colts have also set the record in the NFL League as the first team to win more than 12 games in five consecutive seasons (Chapell & Richards, 2004).

The Concept of Scapegoating as illustrated in the Life of Mr. Sheppard in “The Lame Shall Enter First” by Flannery O’Connor. It is evident that we are living in a world characterized by various evils that are being committed by human beings. However, since the society does not have a place for the evils, human beings always try to act right in order to maintain their place in the already evil society. Scapegoating is one way that human beings use to try and deal with their own evil deeds since it is the nature of humanity to hide their negative habits, feeling and behaviors. According to Zweig & Abrams, scapegoating is illustrated as a habit committed by people who usually believe that they are above reproach; “they sacrifice others to preserve their image of perfection (pp. 7)”. As a result, they shift their blame to people who try to reproach them in a mechanism known as a projection. This is due to the fact that evil people are usually in conflict with the world and they usually believe that their conflict is caused by the same world. Therefore, more often than not, evil results as a result of scapegoating. It is important to study scapegoating to be in a position to understand various behaviors by some people in the society. In addition, Psychology is a science that studies human behavior and scapegoating is just one concept that explains the same. The Lame Shall Enter First is a short story by Flannery O’Connor, a female author who was in existence during the era of the mid 20th century. The story is quite disturbing as it focuses on the main character Sheppard who is not only windowed for more than twelve months, but also has a demanding duty of taking care of his son Norton, aged ten years. Both father and son are seen struggling to cope up with their loss. However, the father fails to recognize and respond to the feelings of his son. Instead, he assumes and believes that they should not worry too much but ought to commit their lives in to acts of charity. Sheppard is a local volunteer counselor who majors in helping the abandoned boys. Rufus is a reformatory boy who he turns his attention to at the expense of his son Norton. Conversely, Rufus is not interested in Sheppard efforts as he is a deviant and a thief at the same time. His is influenced by the belief that his evil behavior is the work of Satan. In addition, Rufus also maintains that all sins can be forgiven and that is the reason why the book is titled that The Lame Shall Enter First meaning the evil people shall enter heaven first as their sins shall be forgiven. Still in his efforts to transform Rufus, Sheppard buys Rufus a telescope to help him view the sky and become bright. However, using the same telescope, Rufus was able to convince Norton that he would be in a position to see his mother if he died when he was still young. As a result, Norton committed suicide and it was too late for Sheppard to do anything and save the situation. Sheppard, the main character in the story has issues that need to deal with but instead; he ends up shifting the blame elsewhere. Therefore, this essay shall discuss the issue of scapegoating while focusing on the characters in the story, ‘The Lame Shall Enter First’ by Flannery O’Connor. The sorrow that Sheppard suffers due to the loss of his wife can not be underestimated. Nonetheless, it would not be an understatement to mention that Sheppard is an escapist because instead of coping with his problem and helping his son out of the same, he shifts his attention to offering voluntary counseling services. Ironically, he shifts his attention to boys who are abandoned and by doing; he ends up abandoning his own son. Even after a year after his mother’s death, the boy continues to grief for his mother as the story illustrates that he would cry most of the time and even refuse to take his food. In response to the son’s grief, Sheppard says, “If you stop thinking about yourself and think of what you can do for somebody else… then you’ll stop missing your mother (O’Connor pp. 373)”. Sheppard continues to explain to his son that he also misses the mother or the wife but instead of thinking about his troubles, he is usually busy helping other people. Helping others is a very good habit, but on the other hand, it ought to be done with a clear motive and without affecting the life of other people. The story illustrates that the main reason why Sheppard was helping was for the purpose of running away from his troubles and responsibility. Therefore, Sheppard is very good at scapegoating since he sees his own evil in his son as he goes to an extent of saying that the son is selfish since he does take trouble of helping other people in the society.

RESPONSE TO THE POEM AND ORAL HISTORIES

In Phillis Wheatley`s poem, the writer indicates that despite the fact that he was a slave and had to bare the hardships that come with slavery, he reckons the fact that it had its positive side altogether. He initially had to go through criticism humiliation and being despised owing to his race. However, eventually he is grateful for being introduced to civilization, knowing about religion, thus improving his level of literacy even to knowing about God.

Reading the oral histories of former slaves, they commonly talk of the hardship encountered in the times of slavery. Discrimination, forced labour, lack of proper health care and other forms of human rights denial. It comes out clearly that some people had other people subject to them insinuating that they had more power or were better than them. These narrators all indicate the need and desire to experience and live in better conditions at the times they were subject to slavery.

The American Dream generally refers to the idea of prosperity and success, leading a better life that depends upon one’s own abilities and hard work as opposed to class or social status. We all were created with equal abilities and according to United States Declaration of Independence; we can well see that the American Dream is about playing on equal ground and opportunity.

The American Dream is justified in that despite the though and harsh conditions gone through by the slaves it also gives them something in return; civilization, literacy, employment and development at the end of it all. They are eventually liberalized and get the much yarned for freedom to work for their own gain and not another person’s. They actually lead better lives after their masters release them in order to enjoy their rights and freedom, hence the realization of the American Dream of success, prosperity and all men being equal in general. However, as is seen in Garza & Fossum (2008), this is still yet to be fully realized many years after independence.

POST 2

RESPONSE TO THE HORATIO ALGER`S STORY

As seen in the previous post, the American Dream is basically the idea of prosperity and success, leading a better life that depends upon one’s own abilities and hard work as opposed to class or social status. In Horatio Alger`s story, traits and characteristics of this have well been spelt out. Ragged Dick who is only an orphan struggles with life’s hurdles to climb up the social ladder. Through his hard work, determination and perseverance he is able to achieve what he desires. This boy has defied the odds of being an orphan, hardly possessing any life earned skills and takes care of his needs at the tender age of seven.

As is typical of the American Dream, the narrator exhibits prosperity, success and wealth achieved accounting to Dick being hard-working which is contrary to what one would think of him owing to his social status. Also as is indicated in Cardwell`s Heroism, it is not only success and being virtuous and industrious that counts for one to realize the American Dream. Instead one also needs to have physical perfection. According to Alger (1896), Ragged Dick being a person who did the best he could at the down of the slightest opportunity was successful and indeed portray more than just that. He was handsome, talented among other traits that played a fundamental role towards his achievements and desires.  Horatio Alger really brought out the American Dream ideologies in his story.

Literature Review

A report by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004) illustrates that smoking of cigarettes by pregnant mothers affects both the mother and the unborn child. Research indicates that the habit may cause problems such as sudden infant death syndrome, still birth, premature rapture of the membranes and low birth weight. Smoking is a common phenomenon in United States as results of a study which was conducted in United States illustrate that about 11.4% of all the women who gave birth that year had been smoking.  García-Algar, Puig, Vall, Pacifici, & Pichini (2004) also conducted a study on maternal cigarette smoking. Their results also indicated that low birth weight was a common occurrence among babies born to smokers compared to non smokers. The same studies illustrated that neonatal withdrawal syndrome was a common occurrence among newborns exposed prenatal smoking. This was due to the fact that the study confirmed the existence of neotoxic effects on newborns exposed to smoking.

Similar to other studies which have been conducted, studies of Karen (2001) report that maternal smoking is closely associated with intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, small head circumference and still births as well as neonatal death. The results of the study which was conducted to investigate on the effect of the maternal smoking when all the outcomes are considered indicated that the habit is accountable for a lot of negative delivery outcomes that are being observed currently.  The study and others which have been conducted illustrate that maternal smoking affected reproduction not only due to the fact that it leads to infertility but aslo because it is a great contributor to negative delivery outcome.

Research Question

In the view of the fact that studies have illustrated that there is a positive association between maternal smoking and negative delivery outcome, it is necessary to find out whether the same habit contributes to a low IQ.  This is due to the fact that a lot of negative outcomes of maternal smoking may also be closely associated to problems of cognitive development. It is equally important to find out whether low IQ is as a result of the effects of smoking on the fetal growth. The study is very significant because the link between maternal smoking and neural development has not been studied comprehensively.  The available information only illustrates that   maternal smoking only increases the likely hood of behavioral problems and has got an effect on cognitive development.

Testable hypothesis

Smoking by pregnant mothers has got an effect on cognitive development of children.  This is due to the fact that evidence has confirmed that maternal smoking leads to low birth weight and the same affects cognitive development negatively.

Problems Identified and Anticipated In Data Interpretation

All studies that have been undertaken reveal different problem in areas of data analysis and interpretation and that is the reason why studies are characterized by various limitations.  For instance, in this study there is a greater likelihood that children born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy may have a low IQ.  Although the problem may be attributed to smoking, there are other factors related to a child’s IQ like the IQ of both parents and environment that may also contribute greatly. Failure to effectively control other variables that contribute to the high IQ may result to a very high percentage and the same may cause wrong interpretation. Therefore, it is possible to interpret that maternal smoking is the greatest contributor to low IQ when there are so many factors that may contribute to the same. Major factors that can lead to misinterpretation of results in this study are other independent factors that are determinants of IQ.

Oceanus

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A similar feature between the Antarctic and arctic oceanic waters is that both water bodies are covered by ice. Another notable similarity between them is their common salinity of the waters. Some of the differences between the Antarctic and arctic is  in the sea ice due to different geographical orientations of the two. The ice in the Arctic Ocean is not as mobile as the ice in the Antarctic Ocean; this is because the Arctic Ocean is almost completely surrounded by land, therefore limiting mobility of the ice. The Antarctic Ocean comprises of a huge ocean surrounding a small land mass, the ice that forms in these ocean is more mobile and moves freely in high speeds as compared to the ice on Arctic Ocean. This phenomenon can be used to explain the differences in thickness of the ice; the ice in Arctic Ocean is thicker due the confinement by the adjacent lands while the ice in Antarctic is less thick because continuous free movement causes it melts faster. The arctic oceans calves more icebergs possibly due the stagnant nature of the ice on the ocean which results in an increased thickness resulting to more ice bergs.

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One of the famous polar explorers of all times was a Briton named Sir Wally Herber. His research contributed significantly to the field of Marine science with special interest on the polar marine laid foundation on the proper understanding of the marine structure in the Polar Regions.

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The development of coral reefs and tropical rainforests are impelled by human factors. Coral reefs ecosystems have similar characteristics to the tropical rain forest. Just like the tropical rainforest, a coral reef ecosystem has a biodiversity in life forms which survive on mutual dependency. The coral reef can be viewed as the tropical rainforest.

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Zooxanthellae are single celled plants that reside on the tissues of coral animals; they form the planktons in the coral reefs. There exists a symbiotic relationship between zooxanthellae and reef that corals. Corals provide it with a protected surrounding and necessary elements necessary for photosynthesis. In turn the zooxanthella provides food to the coral animals and this mutual relationship is essential for the building of the coral reefs.

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Coral bleaching takes place when the zooxanthella migrates from its coral host due to the inability of the host to supply it with compounds necessary for photosynthesis. It results to corals loosing their color. Coral bleaching occurs when the conditions that are needed for the survival of zooxanthellae are not met. The major cause of coral bleaching is high water temperatures; a slight increase in the water temperature is enough to trigger coral bleaching. Another factor that causes coral bleaching is changes in salinity levels of the water, high salinity does not favor the survival of corals and these results to the death of the corals. Other factors responsible for coral bleaching are pollution, sedimentation, infections by pathogen, decline in the planktons and reduced solar radiance.

 

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Monsoon refers to the reversal of the direction of wind which results in changes in the amount of rainfall. Monsoon happens seasonally. Monsoon is experienced in the continental United States due to the presence of large water bodies surrounding the continental US.

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The prevailing winds and currents are named according to the place from which they are originating and the way in which they are moving. They are also named according to the time of the year which they occur.

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These are bio-organisms whose bode survive partly in water and the other part is in water. They survive on the air-water surface.

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The factors responsible for three wind bands in the hemisphere include the ocean currents and processes

10 – 5.                                                                                                                                                              The dangerous ocean condition in times of hurricane include the presence of waves hitting the coastline, when the water levels rises high above the land level and when there is no clear coastline.

 

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Surface ocean currents are motions of water that takes place on the surface of water bodies and are mostly due the effect of wind acting on the water surface. Deeper water currents refer to motion of water at the bottom of the water body due to variations in water density. Surface currents tend to move at a higher speed than deeper water currents.

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The fastest moving ocean current is the Gulf Stream and travels at the rate of between 40 to120 kilometers in a day

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Ocean currents form a major part of the activities that take place in the sea or ocean. Ocean currents have an effect on sea transport, if the currents do not reach disastrous levels; it facilitates faster sea transport which enhances international trade and thus an overall benefit on the economy of a country. Ocean currents have the ability to bring fish to the surface of the waters and this facilitates fishing as an economic activity.

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El Niño-Southern Oscillation refers to a climate pattern that takes after every five years on the tropical sides of the Pacific Ocean. It comes with significant variations in temperature of the surface of the ocean.

 

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Upwelling refers to the displacement of shallow waters in an ocean to the surface of the ocean. Coastal upwelling is mainly on a small scale as compared to oceanic upwelling.
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Geostrophic flow refers to the horizontal movement of water in the surface of water body due to a balance between the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force. These movements help to increase the freshness of an ocean.

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Some of the items used to study deep water ocean circulation are the satellite; satellite can be used to peer beneath the surfaces of the water bodies to monitor deep water motions. Another item that is important during deep ocean study ids the tracer; it is used to study ocean processes

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Hurricane Katrina was the strongest hurricane that has ever been measured. The 2009 season was not destructive as the previous hurricanes

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An ocean conveyor belt occurs when oceans absorb heat energy from the sun and later redistributes this energy to various places on the globe.

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Ocean currents have an effect on the climate of a region. The relationship between ocean currents and climate is due to the fact that ocean currents help in stabilization of the global climate through ocean processes such ocean conveyor belts.

Medication Safety

• You should use medicines specifically for kids. Children at all times should not be given medicines prescribed for adults in smaller doses even when suffering the same health problem with an adult. Their bodies are not well developed while these adults’ medicines could results to side effects as they may work in a way different on them.
• Before administering the medicines to the kid, read the directives cautiously. The medication label always indicates the amount of medicine to be administered, the frequency at the same time in which conditions and state. For instance some medications are to be taken without food, shortly before or after meals. Always measure the dose according to the weight recommendation and age.
• Carefully check the components of the medication ingredient list. By this you will know which ingredients are active in the dose, that you may avoid administering other medications accidentally which contain the similar active elements on the ingredients. This will help to avoid any overdose at the same time you will know whether the ingredients contained can be allergic to the toddler so as to seek further medical guidance (Foundation, 2010).
• Always make sure there is enough light when giving the kid any medicine that you may not mistake the amount of dosage or else interchange doses if they are of different types. You should always be relaxed and be in position to think and interpret the instructions. This will avoid simple mistake which can be very dangerous for instance mistaking a teaspoon for a tablespoon or the dosage that the instructions read “after every six hours as after every four hours,’’ (Health, 2010).
• Measure the dose cautiously. After careful reading of the instructions, dispense the drug in its supposed standardized cup or the calibrated spoon. Never use the normal spoons in your house even when they seem to measure the same amount as the medication cup.
• Dispose the expired medicines. They are not only less powerful but chemical changes might have occurred that can lead to dangerous effects. Some drugs however may not have expired but they may be the hangs of the earlier sickness which shouldn’t be used too. Before buying of the medicine always check their expiring dates (Media, 2010).
• Never give your child drugs prescribed for another child. This should not happen even when the child suffers the same illness. It might have worked well to the other child, but in this case due to difference in weight, age, symptoms may not do so. In fact it might cause serious problems all the same (Woolston, 2010).
• Always complete the dosage prescribed for the child. Before the complete of the full course, the toddler may appear well which doesn’t mean the end to drugs taking. If this happens there is the possibility of the persistent bacteria growing back.
• Always store the medicines in a safe place. The toddlers’ should not at any time have access to the drugs. The drugs should never be stored in a moist place where some the instructions demand to be frenzied. Incase of emergency while administering the drugs always put away the drugs first. Never store the drugs in food or drink containers.

Never give the toddler the herbal medicines; they are too strong for them but you should ask the doctor whether they are okay to the child. In case there are adverse side effects to your kid report immediately to the doctor (Maryland, 2010).

Introduction   

Many countries in the world are experiencing several fiscal challenges especially in this current age characterized by various changes in all sectors. Major challenges are inclusive but not limited to identifying suitable areas of investing, reducing the tax burden as well as high levels of the public debt. However, although such factors pose great challenge to public finance, population ageing is incomparable with the rest. Aging population is described as the change of age distribution in a particular population such that the majority falls under the older ages. The situation is characterized by an increase of the elderly population and a decrease in the population composed of the young people. The population mean and median ages also increases to quite a great extent.  For instance, in a country like Canada, aging population will very soon represent more than eighty percent of the total population (King & Jackson, 2000). To complicate the situation even further, studies indicate that life expectancy is on the increase and therefore the burden will continue to increase. Based on that background, this paper shall expound more on the relationship between aging population and public finance and narrow down to social security and Medicare.

Background Information

Population ageing is an issue of concern in relation to public finance because it leads to an increase in public expenditure. This is due to the fact that costs of health care and social security are bound to increase as they affect old people more than any other age group in the population. Moreover, the problem also affects the growth of the labor force and eventually leads to a reduction of revenue. On the same note, it is important to point out that unless an intervention measure is implemented, the problem is bound to continue since it is expected that the older population will increase greatly in the next fifty years. This is due to the fact that all children who were born during the baby boom period from 1954-1964 will attain the age of sixty five from the year 2011. Further studies illustrate that the population of the older adults will increase by nineteen million by the year 2020. It is further projected that after about forty years, one out of ever person in America will be an old person over the age of sixty five. The problem will be aggravated by the fact that there is better nutrition and health care services and a result it is expected that by 2050 people over the age of eighty five will increase by 377 %.  The problem will increase the expenditure due to the health care in the view of the fact that immunity of the old people is always low compared to the immunity of the younger people. The following graph clearly illustrates the trend of GDP from the year 1900 up to the year 2050. The trend illustrates that the expenditure as a result of those people over the age of sixty five years is on the increase and will continue to increase even after forty years (Center for Health Workforce Studies School of Public Health, 2006).