Kinesiology

Kinesiology

Question one: Principle of specificity

1. The principle of specificity states that when a particular body part or skill is continuously exercised, this only helps in developing that specific component. Hence this principle encourages athletes to embrace specific training rather highly generalized training. For instance, for personal fitness training, in order for one to train the pectorals, he or she must perform only such exercises that are helpful in the activation of the pectorals, such as the barbell bench press (Folland & Williams, 2007).
2. One example of exercise is running because the principle of specificity dictates that a runner should exercise by running in order to improve his or her performance. This is attributed to the fact that exercising by running enables runners to specifically develop major adaptations required for better running performance such as stronger heart as well as strengthened blood vessels for increased oxygen supply and nutrients to muscles specifically involved in running while at the same time ensuring that they are strengthened (Haas et al., 2007).

Question two: Degrees of freedom

1. This principle is true from anatomical and operation perspective because when an exercise involves many joints, it becomes hard for all of them to always move in unison which increases chances of injury. Also when multiple joints are involved in an exercise, they do not have a free will of making complete turns to facilitate the exercise as required (Hoffman, 2008).
2. When working with novice exercises, it is better not to alternate different exercises, but concentrate on one to bring about a more pronounced adaptability of a body part. This implies that it is not appropriate to start a new exerciser with alternating walking lunges with overhead presses since this would hinder correct exercising or increase chances of injuries (Folland & Williams, 2007).

Question three: Overload Principle

1. Running exercise can be used to illustrate the overload principle and the two examples through which running exercise can be made more difficult to overload the system include increasing the running speed and making the running terrain steeper (Haas et al., 2007).
2. Walking does not meet the criteria of overload for fit persons due to the fact that it consumes very little calories hence fit persons would be required to walk very long distances to meet the criteria of overload, something which is rarely achievable (Hoffman, 2008).

Question four: Origin of Muscle Names

1. Pectoralis major: The pectoralis major muscle is the fan-shaped and thick muscle located at the anterior part of the chest of the human body. The origin of the name is a Latin word pectus meaning breast mainly because it usually makes up the major part of the chest muscles in the male while in the female it lies under the breast. Hence the proximity of this muscle to the breast in the female and considering that it forms the bulk of chest muscles, this attributed to its name (Folland & Williams, 2007).
2. Biceps femoris: The biceps femoris is the posterior (the back) thigh muscle. The origin of the name of this muscle is because it has two parts: the long head and the short head where the long head which constitute one of the two parts forms a portion of the hamstrings muscle group. This implies the first name of this muscle originated from the fact that the muscle consists of two parts while the second name originated from the fact that the muscle is posteriorly located to thigh (Hoffman, 2008).

 

Question five

Javelin throwing is another exercise where “weakest link” is a great obstacle because the distance thrown is limited by the triceps which are the weakest link in comparison to the biceps (Haas et al., 2007).  A clear example of exercise that would be essential for triceps work out eventually providing a remedy for this weakness link is the bench press exercise.

Question six

A motor unit is made up of a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers that are innervated by that axon (Haas et al., 2007). The role of the synapse, ACH, threshold, and synaptic cleft in the production of movement is that they are all involved in transmission of neural signals that stimulate physiological actions that enable production of movement (Hoffman, 2008).

Question seven

The two types of motor units are slow-twitch motor units and fast twitch motor units. Slow-twitch motor units are innervated by many motor neurons they produce force in response to action potential which rises falls relatively slowly; whereas fast-twitch motor neurons are innervated by few motor neurons and they produce force in response to action potential which rises and falls rapidly (Hoffman, 2008). The slow-twitch motor units are essential for endurance activities; whereas fast-twitch motor units are essential for speed and high force activities (Hoffman, 2008).

Question eight

Muscle imbalance is a muscle disorder that occurs when opposing muscles provide different directions of tension because of weakness and/or tightness (Karpati, 2010). The first phase of the training program to be designed for this client involves choosing exercises that are essential in strengthening opposing muscle groups, seated rows. In this program the primary muscles to focus on are: erector spinae (antagonists) and the abdominals (agonists). Moreover, the four specific exercises to be suggested include: addition of more volume for size differences, utilization of more single-side exercises, taking into account what is causing the situation and avoid it as well as adding more weight for strength differences (Karpati, 2010).

Question nine

1. The shoulder joint extends during the concentric phase of a lateral deltoid raise.
2. The hip joint contracts during the eccentric phase of a squat.
3. The knee joint relaxes during the concentric phase of a squat.
4. The elbow joint contracts during the eccentric phase of biceps curl.
5. The ankle joint extends during the concentric phase of a gastrocnemius raise.
6. The elbow joint contracts during the concentric phase of triceps kickback.

References

Folland, J.P., & Williams, A.G. (2007). The adaptations to strength training: Morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength. Sports medicine, 37(2), 145-168.

Haas, M., Cooperstein, R., & Peterson, D. (2007). Disentangling manual muscle testing and Applied Kinesiology: critique and reinterpretation of a literature review. Chiropractic & Osteopathy, 15(1), 11.

Hoffman, S. J. (2008). Introduction to Kinesiology, (3^rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Karpati, G. (2010). Disorders of Voluntary Muscle. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

 

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