Author: chris

Time Capsule of 20th Century

1^st of April, 2013.

Life during the 21^st Century:

I am a 46 year old retired Navy Chief after serving for 24 years, where I fought in two major conflicts in Afghanistan and Desert Shield. My job description included being a construction electrician with the Naval, for the Seabees.  I have secured another job as a Security Contractor at Santo Domingo, in the Dominican Republic US Embassy. My current job is engages 12 hours of my time, for 13 days every two weeks, one only one day off. I have no holidays at all, and I dedicate my energy and attention to my work so as buttress my financial base at this later age of life, so as not to have a load of debts on my name when I fully retire from active service at 55.

I own a beautiful little home in Hampton, Virginia, where my family, comprising of my wife and two college kids (21 and 24 year old boy and girl respectively) live and work.  The late 21^st century music, according to my belief, was the best of all music ever composed. During this time I was a DJ for several years, and I rendered my services my Disc Jockey services whenever I was off-duty, including Balls for the Joint Forces in Florida, Navy in Korea, and Marines and Navy in Germany. The wake of the 21^st century, accompanied by a proliferation in technology, has completely eroded the traditional, untamed culture of music and social life. The youths, particularly, have lost the power of conversation, of socializing, and are immersed in the world of handheld phone communication. The introduction of cable TV has infiltrated the minds of children, such that they lack the capacity to conjure up substantive thoughts. Moreover, the presence of video games and programming technology has led to an upheaval of violence and brainwashing of the youth.

The conduct in conformance with ethical and moral principles is deeply eroded in this period. This has been worsened by advancement in technology, where almost every household in developed countries has a computer and internet connection (Janaro & Altshuler, 1979). One particular topic that questions morality is sexual conduct. Though definition of correct sexual conduct is challenging, obvious erosion of positive culture is manifested in rise of pornographic literature, mode of dressing among the youth, and engagement in teenage sex. Adult content is displayed openly in the internet, TVs, movies and every social media. Similarly, decision-making in the line of marriages has been left primarily to dating couples, however young and inexperienced, as a result of enactment of various Acts of human rights laws. Consequently, the numbers of trial marriages and break-ups have increased, with reference to the 20^th century.

Happiness is defined as an emotional or mental state of well-being, depicted by pleasant or positive emotions of intense joy and contentment (Alexandrova, 2005). It has been found to be a fundamental human need to an extent that it is unalienable from human life. Thus, the pursuit of happiness and liberty are highly fostered in this period. I view this as the prefect description of joy, as whatever exhilarates and jogs the mind of a person suffices to be categorized as happiness. The Hedonist theory sees a happy life as one which maximizes on pleasurable feelings and minimizes on anguish. The Desire theory holds happiness as getting whatever one wants, while the Objective List theory lists all valuable things in one’s life, and sets one in pursuit of them (Alexandrova, 2005). My definition is thus in line with these theories.

The Beauty of Humanity Movement: A Novel written by Camilla Gibb, provides an intricate, keenly accurate and complex description of culture of humanity in the current periods of 21^st century (Camilla, 2011). Though it centers its description in Vietnam, it gives a representative picture of the entire generation of the period. The readers of 22^nd century would find this novel intriguing and deeply captivating, as it reveals inner details of the culture and practice of humanity of the 21^st century (Janaro & Altshuler, 1979). For instance, it compares the historical practices of the previous century with the current culture, and describes the extent of change and its effects in the current behavior of the people.

Architectural works and Arts of 21^st century have been made in magnificent styles, incorporating every new technology and design (Niroumand, Zain & Jamil, 2012). The McLeod Residence, which was opened in 2006, is an epitome of the state of art and architecture of this period. The gallery emphasizes technology and socialization in no uncertain ways. Its photo-booth touch screen takes pictures of all visitors and uploads them to a server, as well as two unique mirrors hung in the bathrooms that take pictures constantly (Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 2006). These intricate patterns of the inner part of house are neatly orchestrated by the beautiful scenery of its architectural design, speaking volumes of the state of art in and technology in the 21^st century.

The proceedings and nature of life in the 21^st century can also be adequately described in its songs. One captivating music done by Konshens, dubbed Girl a Bubble, is an exemplification of moral degeneracy in today’s culture. It features partially nude damsels dancing in provocative manners, as opposed to the respectful styles of dancing in the 20^th and preceding centuries. It displays materials of adult content, though viewer discretion is not advised, thus exposing the youth to contentions regarding norms and culture (Rambarran, 2010). The music incorporates current technology of editing and sound manipulations, which both serve to manifest the level of advancement of this period that can be crucial in historical studies in the next century.

Films are also great tools for communicating cultures and practices of a particular period. As can be observed, films and movies, especially the Hollywood category, have undergone massive transformation with time, driven by technological innovation and shifts in culture. Batman Begins, a film directed by Christopher Nolan, is a piece of work that exemplifies all aspects of modern culture. Fine editions, quality sound, clear multi-chromed pictures all add to its definition as a 21^st century film (Kim, 2013). Moreover, just like any other film of this period, aspects of femme fatale, violence, robbery and other social crimes are manifest all over the setting. This film will be important in showing audience of the next century the form and style of Hollywood films as dictated by shifts in culture and technology.

Pop culture has been distorted over the years, with the 21^st century bearing most of the bunch. Characterized with vampires, school teenagers dancing in tight pants, purity ratings and crave for sex, the Twilight is a phenomenon that reveals the patterns of modern culture in many societies (Rojek, 2011). In 100 years to come, readers will find this literary work an embodiment of cultural transformation in their previous century.

Finally, the descriptions presented in this capsule all reveal one particular characteristic of the 21^st century: effects of technological innovation on culture and social life. It seems as the ultimate time and the end of this generation, as humankind has endeavored to delve into every single piece of knowledge available.

 

References

Alexandrova, A. (2005): Subjective Well-Being and Kahneman’s ‘Objective Happiness’. Journal of Happiness Studies 6(3), 301-24.

Camilla G. (2011). The Beauty of Humanity Movement: A Novel

Janaro, R. & Altshuler, T. (1979). The Art of Being Human: The Humanities as a Technique for Living. Publisher: Pearson Longman.

Kim, J. (2013). Manipulated Surface and Time: Digital Video and the “Film-Video Hybrid” in Bill Viola’s 21st Century Work. Quarterly Review of Film & Video, 30(2), 140-158.

Niroumand, H.,  Zain, M.F. & Jamil, M.  (2012). Modern Architecture in the 21st Century Advanced Materials Research, 6(4), 457-458.

Rambarran, S. A. (2010). Innovations in contemporary popular music and digital media and reconstructions of the music industry in the 21st century. University of Salford.

Rojek, C.  (2011). Pop music, pop culture. Cambridge, U.K. ; Malden, Mass. : Polity Press.

Seattle Post-Intelligencer (2006). Art finds an unusual home at McLeod Residence.

 

The History of the Hispanics

 

Immigration

Hispanic is a term coined by the United States to refer to a very diverse and large population of Spanish speaking people or language. The Hispanic Americans are a people who originated from either Spain or Portugal. They are Latinos of American descent referred to as either Cuban, Mexican or descended from Puerto Rican living in the United States of America. The Hispanic population makes up the largest minority group in America. The Mexican ethnic group is the largest Hispanic subdivision in the United States and makes up almost 11% of the American population. The Hispanic population is highly concentrated in the States of Carolina, Florida, Texas, and New York (Clutter & Nieto, n.d). The Spanish were amongst the pioneers of the United States of America. The first citizens in America southwest territories were the Hispanics. The territory was formed after the Mexican American war. There were a majority in most of the states up to the 20^th century.

Hispanic Culture

The Hispanic culture consists of norms and customs that are unique to the Hispanic people. The family is held as a very important unit of society. The family takes precedence over individual needs. The Hispanics are raised up to be cooperative (Clutter & Nieto, n.d). They usually are taught to live communally and to share what they have with their neighbors. In addition, most Hispanics value the present time more than the future. They focus more on the needs at present and little change. Hence, they mostly focus on short than long term goals.

The Hispanics also show a formal communication style. They value respect and make use of formal titles. Touching is a way that they mostly use to show affection (Clutter & Nieto, n.d). They regard handshakes and a light kiss on the cheek as a form of greeting between men and women and close family friends. In addition, Hispanics tend to be polite which might lead one to believe that they are servile or subservient. Moreover, Hispanics are usually too permissive with their children, and hardly correct their children in public. This may lead to the children becoming delinquent. The child is raised to be highly dependent on the parent, which influences their decision-making patterns later in life.

The Hispanics also put a lot of importance on appearance and looks especially how a person presents himsef or herself basing on clothes (Clutter & Nieto, n.d). Formal attire is usually worn when going to church, office, parties, and social gatherings. Non-punctuality within the Hispanic community is acceptable. They are usually relaxed and therefore somebody may arrive late for a meeting without seeing it a problem.

The Roman Catholic religion is dominant among the Hispanics (Clutter & Nieto, n.d). In recent times, other religions have taken root in the Hispanic community. Indeed, the Catholic Church holds an important function in the family and community affairs of this community. They also observe the holidays and the days of saints in the Roman Catholic Church.

Their eating habits are different from those of other Americans. They eat a light meal for breakfast, and a heavy meal for lunch since it is regarded as the main meal of the day. They usually make it a custom to be at home to take the meal together. There is a common practice among the adults to rest after lunch. On the other hand, the evening meal comprises of a light snack usually coffee and sandwiches or rolls. The Hispanics in the United States have adopted a three-meal culture (Clutter & Nieto, n.d).

Assimilation

The Hispanic assimilation has not been very successful since most of the Hispanics strongly identify with the country of their origin, especially the first generation Hispanics. They still are strongly bonded to their countries and culture.They may refer to themselves firstly, as Americans but secondly, as Mexican, Peruvian, or Cubans (Clutter & Nieto, n.d). However, assimilation has been more successful on the third generation Hispanics than the first generation. Even in language acquisition, the first generation Hispanics has lagged behind as opposed to the third generation. Although the Hispanics have made great strides, they have lagged behind the other minorities in adopting English as an official language. The third generations Hispanics are the ones embracing English as an official language (Clutter & Nieto, n.d).

Conflicts with other Groups

Most of the conflicts arise between the indigenous communities and the Hispanic immigrants. How the indigenous people react to changes in demography and their interaction with the Hispanics will determine if there will be a conflict. In addition, the number of immigrant populations determines whether there will be a conflict. The 2.1 % Hispanic population of Florida is likely to have conflicts than New Mexico, which has a Hispanic population of over 40% (Holding, 2010). Furthermore, the behavior of the migrants can also lead to conflict. This is evident where the immigrants isolate themselves from the indigenous population. This can lead to them being singled out as a group and given a name. For example, Mexican was a term used to refer to the Hispanics.

Myths about Hispanics

There are several myths about Hispanics, although they are not entirely true. Indeed, most of the myths attributed to this section of population carry a negative connotation. One of the myths is that the Hispanics are immigrants. However, only about 30% of the Hispanic population consists of immigrants (Shear, 2007). The rest have been born in the US. Another myth is that Latinos and Hispanics are a single race (Shear, 2007). This is not true. The fact is that a Latino or Hispanic can be Asian, black or white. It is not a racial group.

Resolving the Conflicts

The myths can be eradicated by introducing laws and policies that discourage racial abuse, and also giving strict punishment to anyone caught referring to somebody racially, be it Hispanic, Latino, black or white. In addition, schools and other public institutions can take the challenge of educating their students and public on the minority groups and creating awareness about them. This will help in reducing conflicts that may arise between the minorities and indigenous communities. Moreover, social activities between various communities can be initiated to promote cohesiveness among them.

References

Clutter, W. A. & Nieto, D. R. (n.d). Understanding the Hispanics Culture. Retrieved from http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5237.html

Holding, R. (2010). What do you know about the United States? London: AuthorHouse

Shear, L. (2007). Myths and Truths Regarding Hispanics in America. Retrieved from http://voices.yahoo.com/myths-truths-regarding-hispanics-america-241193.html

 

 

Discrimination in the Classroom

Introduction

            Discrimination typically occurs when an individual is treated less favorably in comparison to how other people are treated mainly because of a particular characteristic (Do & Kleiner, 2008). The purpose of this paper is to describe the manifestation of discrimination within the classroom setting. The paper also discusses strategies that work with regard to issues of equity, empathy and esteem for the topic of classroom discrimination. Moreover, the pros and cons of the educational policy to be highlighted in the paper are also discussed. The paper also provides a comparative analysis for various international policies.

Important aspects of classroom discrimination

            Classroom discrimination is commonly portrayed directly or indirectly. Direct discrimination happens when a teacher treats a student in a less favorable manner than when the teacher treats or would treat another student because of a certain characteristic, for instance refusing to enroll a child because of the child’s race or religious belief (Boysen, 2012). Discrimination within the classroom setting can take different forms including discrimination basing on gender, sexual orientation, religion, pregnancy or race/ethnicity. Justifying direct discrimination is impossible, and as such, it is always illegitimate. Nevertheless, there are exceptions to the provisions allowing, for instance, single-sex schools to admit students of only one gender without this being illegal direct discrimination (Randall, 2006). For a student/pupil to show that he/she has been directly discriminated against, then that student should compare what has happened to him/her to the treatment a student/pupil without their characteristic receives or would receive. As such, a gay student cannot claim that being excluded from a certain activity is direct discrimination on sexual orientation grounds unless he can show that a bisexual or heterosexual student would not be excluded from that activity (Boysen, 2012).

Nonetheless, a student does not necessarily have to find a real person in order to compare his/her treatment with. This is because the student can rely on a hypothetical person if they are able to illustrate that there is evidence showing that such an individual would receive different treatment (Pittman, 2010). There is absolutely no need for a pupil who claims direct discrimination because of maternity/pregnancy or racial segregation to find a person to compare himself/herself to. Claiming maternity or pregnancy discrimination, a female student needs to show that she has been unfavorably treated due to her maternity or pregnancy, and does not need to compare the treatment she receives to the treatment of someone who was not a new mother or was not pregnant. Discrimination on racial grounds is intentionally separating people by color, race, national origin or ethnicity, and will always be illegal direct discrimination (Kidwell, 2007).

Indirect discrimination is another form of discrimination, and it occurs when a teacher applies a practice, provision or criterion in the same manner for all students in the sense that it has the effect of placing students who share a certain characteristic at a particular disadvantage (Wells, 2002). It does not matter that the teacher did not have the intention to disadvantage the students who have a certain characteristic in this way, what really matters is whether the action does or would disadvantage such students in comparison to students who do not share that characteristic (Wadsworth, Hecht & Jung, 2008). An example is a school requiring boys to wear a cap as being part of the school uniform. Even though this requirement applies equally to every student, it has the effect of excluding male students who are Sikh, whose religion requires that they wear a turban, not a cap. This would be indirect discrimination on the grounds of religion and belief since it is improbable that the school could substantiate or justify such an action. Discrimination can also arise from disability when a pupil is treated unfavorably putting him/her at a disadvantage. The treatment is due to something linked with the disabled student’s disability, for instance, inability of walking unassisted maybe because of cerebral palsy (Fryer, Goeree & Holt, 2005).

Pros and cons of the highlighted educational policy

            A number of educational institutions have put in place policy measures that guard against discrimination within the classroom setting. For instance, the Non-Discrimination in the Classroom policy observed in most public schools in the United States affirms the right of every pupil/student to be protected not just from discrimination, but also intimidation, harassment, and/or physical harm. The policy states that classroom discrimination refers to a comment or an act of prejudice by a member that relates to color, race, creed, age, gender, marital status, mental disability, physical disability, religion, national origin or characteristics identified as sexual orientation, and which does offend another. Discrimination of pupils on these grounds will not be tolerated (Johnson, 2004).

The following are the pros of this policy: First, it prevents occurrences of discrimination involving conduct of a student/pupil directed towards a fellow pupil/student. In the event of such discrimination, the principle of the school will inform parents of the pupils involved, and determine appropriate actions to be taken. Secondly, it prevents incidents of discrimination that involves conduct of a teacher towards a pupil/student. The policy provides for disciplinary actions to be taken against a teacher who is involved in discrimination against any student on whatever ground. Third, it allows for counseling to be considered at all levels. Fourth, the policy provides that confidentiality of complaints be upheld to the extent necessary to investigate, and that the  investigation be carried out on a need to know basis. In the course of the investigation, the documentation generated shall be kept confidential. The policy also allows for discrimination complaints to be handled in an open, just, unbiased and prompt manner. The con: The policy does not protect against retaliation. This is because it does not state as a breach of the policy, the retaliation against a pupil/student for reporting discrimination or aiding in providing information that relates to a claim of discrimination (Johnson, 2004).

A comparative analysis for different international policies

A comparative analysis for different international policies can be made. In the United Kingdom, there is the Policy against Discrimination, Harassment, and Retaliation and is applicable to every educational institution in Britain (Do & Kleiner, 2008). Just like the Non-Discrimination In The Classroom policy that applies to American schools, this British policy also sets out the school’s commitment to tackling discrimination related to areas such as race, gender, ethnicity, disability, pregnancy/maternity, age, religion, creed or sexual orientation. Both policies aim to promote equality of opportunity and good race relations. The two policies also state the procedure to be followed in reporting any classroom discrimination, and describe how disciplinary action will be undertaken against an individual, be it a student or teacher, who engages in classroom discrimination.
Research-based evidence from the school setting for strategies that work regarding issues of equity, empathy and esteem for the topic of classroom discrimination

With regard to strategies that work regarding issues of empathy, equity and esteem, several strategies have been established in a number of schools. These strategies have been essential in tackling discrimination in the classroom setting in several educational institutions in the United States including Emerson College in Boston, MA. One such strategy involves the teachers talking with pupils/students about diversity and bias. Using this strategy, educators can think about how they can effectively raise the complex issues of bias, exclusion, hate and scapegoating with their pupils. They have to keep in mind that conversations about respect and understanding should not be restricted to a commemorative occasion, or other special programs, activities or holidays, but rather, they need to be a part of daily business in the classroom (Pittman, 2010). Creating respectful and inclusive classrooms should be a continuing effort while working for social justice should be a lifetime undertaking.

To prepare for effectively bringing up the issues of discrimination in the classroom, educators should try to make the following practices, an essential part of their everyday practice: Comprehensive integration – the educator should integrate culturally diverse perspectives/information into every aspect of teaching. Accepting environment – the teacher should establish an environment allowing for mistakes. Because many individuals have been unconsciously acculturated into stereotypical and prejudicial thinking, people might not be aware that some attitudes hurt and upset other people. Teachers should acknowledge that prejudiced thinking will from time to time surface not only in other people, but in them too. Teachers have to model non-defensive responses when they are informed that something they did or said was offensive to someone (Johnson, 2004). Life-long learning – educators should stay abreast of current anti-discriminatory education issues and discuss them with their pupils. Discovery learning – Educators should not preach to students/pupils about how they need to behave. A recent research shows that exhortation is not an effective technique for changing intolerable and prejudiced attitudes; in reality, it usually produces an outcome that is contrary to the desired outcome. As such, educators should provide opportunities for pupils to solve problems, resolve conflicts, work in diverse teams and think critically about information (Wadsworth, Hecht & Jung, 2008). Life experiences – Moreover, educators need to provide opportunities that allow pupils to share their life experiences, and to this end, they should choose literature that helps pupils develop empathy. They should make the classroom a place in which the experiences of students are not invalidated, trivialized or marginalized (Jehangir, 2012). This is necessary in creating a cohesive class environment where pupils feel comfortable in.  This will in turn lead to a positive learning environment that will optimize student learning and also a comfortable   learning and work environment both students and teachers.

The educator should on the other hand review materials so that bulletin boards and displays in the classroom are inclusive of all people. In addition, the teacher should ensure that videos and supplemental books do not reinforce the stereotypes that exist in the society. However, when such instances are observed in academic literature, the educator needs to point them out and encourage students to think about them in a critical manner and to challenge them (Fryer, Goeree & Holt, 2005).

Conclusion

In conclusion, classroom discrimination typically occurs when a student/pupil receives less favorable treatment in comparison to how other people are treated mainly because of his/her particular characteristic, and it could either be direct or indirect. Direct discrimination comes about when a teacher treats a student in a less favorable manner than when the teacher treats or would treat another student because of a certain characteristic, for instance, refusing to enroll a child because of his/her race or religion (Boysen, 2012). On the other hand, indirect discrimination arises when a teacher applies a practice, provision or criterion in the same manner for every student, in the sense that it has the effect of placing students who share a particular characteristic at a particular disadvantage. A number of policies in different countries have been put in place specifically to tackle the issue of classroom discrimination. One of the policies in the United States, for instance, is the Non-Discrimination in the Classroom policy while in the United Kingdom there is the Policy against Discrimination, Harassment, and Retaliation policy which is applicable to all educational institutions in Britain. These policies have some similarities. For instance, they both set out the schools’ commitment to tackling classroom discrimination in areas such as race, gender, ethnicity, disability, age, religion, creed or sexual orientation. They also aim to promote equality of opportunity and good race relations. There are number of strategies that work with regard to the issues of empathy, equity and esteem for the topic of classroom discrimination. Some of these strategies include teachers talking with pupils/students about diversity and bias. Using this strategy, educators can think about how they can effectively raise the complex issues of bias, exclusion, hate and scapegoating with their pupils and tackle them effectively. Another strategy is discovery learning, whereby, educators should provide opportunities for pupils to solve problems, resolve conflicts, work in diverse teams and think critically about information. They can as well review resources they use in teaching so that bulletin boards and displays are all-encompassing and inclusive of everyone. However, this may not be applicable to low social class since they may not even afford such materials and resources; moreover, it becomes a bit hard for learners of low class to mingle freely with their elite counterparts (Fryer, Goeree & Holt, 2005).

Reference

Boysen, G. A. (2012). Teacher and Student Perceptions of Microaggressions in College Classrooms. College Teaching, 60(3), 122-129.

Do, T., & Kleiner, B. H. (2008). New developments concerning discrimination in academia. Equal Opportunities International, 19(6), 88-91. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/199529926?accountid=45049

Fryer, R. G, Goeree, J. K., & Holt, C. A. (2005). Experience-based discrimination: Classroom games. Journal of Economic Education, 36(2), 160-170. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/235238399?accountid=45049

Jehangir, R. R. (2012). Conflict as a Catalyst for Learning. About Campus, 17(2), 2-8.

Johnson, M. W. (2004). Harassment and discrimination prevention training: What the law requires. Labor Law Journal, 55(2), 119-129. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/195058918?accountid=45049

Kidwell, S. A. (2007). Pregnancy discrimination in educational institutions: A proposal to amend the family medical leave act of 1993. Texas Law Review, 79(5), 1287-1320. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/203696200?accountid=45049

Pittman, C. T. (2010). Race and Gender Oppression in the Classroom: The Experiences of Women Faculty of Color with White Male Students. Teaching Sociology, 38(3), 183-196.

Randall, V. R. (2006). The misuse of the lsat: Discrimination against blacks and other minorities in law school admissions. St.John’s Law Review, 80(1), 107-143,145-151. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/216777155?accountid=45049

Wadsworth, B., Hecht, M. L., & Jung, E. (2008). The Role of Identity Gaps, Discrimination, and Acculturation in International Students’ Educational Satisfaction in American Classrooms. Communication Education, 57(1), 64-87.

Wells, T. T. (2002). The effects of discrimination upon motivation and achievement of black children in urban ghetto schools. The American Behavioral Scientist (Pre-1986), 12(4), 26-26. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/194682155?accountid=45049

 

 

 

END OF OIL

 

Introduction

The history of oil dates back in 347 AD when China started to drill the first oil wells. Drilling of these wells was done using bits tied on bamboo poles up to a depth of approximately 800 feet. During the 19^th century, more oil substances were discovered by people drilling for underground water. However, those people did not consider oil to be important, until a time when entrepreneurs realized that oil was very much useful, and could be used for different purposes like lubricating. The first major commercialization of oil using pipelines was done by “Colonel” Drake, and began more than one hundred and fifty years ago in the United States of America. In the year 1859, Drake managed to drill two oil wells which had a combined worth of approximately $ US40, 000. The two oil wells produced close to 2000 barrels of crude oil that required processing and refining because it was very muddy and smelly. In 1860, refineries were established to facilitate processing of oil in an effort to remove or get rid of the smell found in the crude oil. These refineries were able to extract heavy oil and tar from the crude oil by subjecting crude oil to high temperatures that caused kerosene to boil off (Janardhan & Fesmire, 2011).

It is worthy to mention that the kerosene extracted from the crude oil was also used for different purposes like lighting. In the mid 1860s, transportation of oil was done using wooden barrels on rivers, but this was a dangerous method. As a result, alternative methods of transportation (such as use of railway) were introduced. However many people did not find this method very appropriate because railway transportation had a lot of interference from the rail workers and bosses. Later on, this problem was solved after the introduction pipeline transportation. The diameter of the pipes used for transporting oil had varying diameters, and the choice on which pipe to use was dependent of the amount or quantity of oil to be transported (Black, 2008).

What people should do to save oil?

Based on the fact that oil is a very limited resource, there is a great need for people to come up with appropriate measures for saving oil. A good number of petrochemical and plastics industries rely on oil to undertake various processes. Failing to save oil can impact such industries in a negative way to an extent that these industries may be forced to close down. Such situations can lead to serious consequences like high levels of unemployment. There are different ways that people can employ to save oil. These include the following. To start with, it is important for people who own automobiles to drive smartly and limit on the distance to be travelled. Limiting the drive distance helps to minimize the quantity of gasoline/oil used. Other than choosing to use vehicles to go for short distances, people should try to use alternative means such as biking or walking. In instances where driving cannot be avoided, it is important to ensure that the vehicle is running efficiently. This means that drivers should ensure that tires are well inflated and switch off the engine when the car is not in motion (Chilingar, Robertson & Kumar, 1987).

Another method of saving oil would be to purchase automobiles that are energy efficient. Such cars have the ability to cover a big mileage with minimal consumption of oil/gasoline. It is also important for people to see the importance of sharing information that shows the need to recycle and conserve energy. This should go hand in hand with the establishment of policies or programs that limit on the amount of oil used in a given activity (Pfeiffer, 2003).

 

 

When the oil will finish?

With the current increasing consumption of oil, it is very clear that people are likely to experience acute shortage of oil in the coming years (Black, 2008). Oil production is reaching the maximum level, and this means that there is a great need to come up with other strategies that can increase oil production or facilitate the development of alternative sources of energy. According to Roberts (2005), this will help address the issues that will follow after oil production comes to an end. The irreversible and permanent decline in oil will require people to adapt to other sources of energy even under circumstances where such alternatives are expensive.

How people and government deal with it?

In my view, I believe that people and the government will be in a position to address this issue effectively. For instance, I believe that the government will encourage the manufacture and import of automobiles and appliances that use other sources of energy other than oil. This will go a long way in reducing the impacts associated with insufficient quantity of oil.

Conclusion

From the above discussion, it is evident that the history of oil follows significant changes that saw the transformation of earlier crude oil into heavy oil and tar. Since its discovery, oil has been used in numerous activities, and its use continues to increase on a daily basis. Based on these facts, it is extremely important for people to avoid unnecessary use of this limited resource.

 

 

 

 

 

References

Black, E. (2008). The plan: How to save America when the oil stops–or the day before. Washington, D.C: Dialog Press.

Chilingar, G. V., Robertson, J. O., & Kumar, S. (1987). Surface operations in petroleum production: I. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Janardhan, V., & Fesmire, B. (2011). Energy explained: Volume 1. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield.

Pfeiffer, D. A. (2003). The end of the oil age. United States : Rowman & Littlefield.

Roberts, P. (2005). The end of oil: The decline of the petroleum economy and the rise of a new energy order. London: Bloomsbury.

Personal philosophy rubric

Description of the organizational definition and/or mission/vision statement.

            The identified organization is HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital. It is one of the largest providers of healthcare in the United States and specializes in inpatient rehabilitation services. HealthSouth has thousands of workers who deliver specialized care throughout the country, and its priority is to deliver outstanding patient care through a network of satellite clinics for outpatient rehabilitation, home health organizations, and inpatient rehabilitation hospitals. HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital constantly outperforms its peers with an intensive and unique approach to rehabilitative care, and partners with each patient in order to find a treatment plan that is suitable and works for them.

The Hospital’s Mission Statement is as follows: Mission – to be the number one healthcare organization of choice not only for patients, but also for physicians, shareholders and employees by providing exceptional care within the communities that it serves. Values – At HealthSouth, the foundation of the company’s operations is delivering high quality healthcare in the safest, and most appropriate patient-centered environment. The Hospital places a primary value on the following; First is quality – it looks to provide its patients with the finest technology, programs and clinicians available, and it does this in an environment that is safe, and responds to the needs of its diverse patient population, continually working to attain superior outcomes for every patient in a caring, professional, and cooperative manner. Second is integrity – The hospital looks at integrity and trust as crucial in all its relationships. It has a commitment of operating its business in an honest way with financial integrity and in adherence with the local, federal, and state legal obligations, which affect the operation of the business. Third is through cost-effectiveness – The hospital is committed to the provision of high-quality healthcare in a cost-effective, yet innovative manner, and managing its resources wisely and to proactively respond to the changes in its industry.

Definitions of nursing philosophy concept using nursing literature

Nursing is the concept that has been identified. Caring is the essence of nursing. The main definitions of nursing include the following: Watson argues that nursing is a human science that deals with persons and human experiences of ill-health, which are driven by scientific, personal, professional, esthetic, and ethical transactions of human nature (Watson & Foster, 2003). Koloroutis (2009) defines nursing as providing care for the individual patient and his/her family. On the other hand, Wills and McEwen (2006) define nursing in the perspective of promotion, optimization, and protection, of abilities and health; prevention of any sorts of injury and illness; reduction of pain and suffering by diagnosis and treatment of illnesses; and promotion of proper care of populations, individuals, communities, and families. Felgen (2004) defines nursing as a profession within the sector of healthcare that is focused on the care of communities, families and individuals so they can attain, maintain or recover good health.

Relationship-Based Care (RBC) offers an avenue of promoting a caring environment, and it is imperative that hospitals implement RBC in their organizations. The RBC model is typically centered on the concept caring, and without caring, nursing is simply a list of tasks that wait to be done. The components of the model include (i) care of one-self, (ii) care of one another, and (iii) care for the patients. The Model of Human Care formulated by Jean Watson supports RBC. Watson’s model focuses on the interrelationships that exist between the patient and the nurse (Felgen, 2004). It also focuses on a caring and healing consciousness that is vital to the healing process. The relationship between the nurse and patient provides a basis for nurturing of care through self-care and self-knowing. Caring is not just being present physically, it is directly connected to the satisfaction as well as sense of well-being of the patient and to a personal fulfillment of the nurse in performing humanistic trait of caring. Nursing entails care of patients, coworkers and future nursing professionals. Healing and caring environments are those where there is focus on human dignity, and where relationships between nurses/caregivers and their patients are built on mutual respect as well as a shared commitment to healing (Koloroutis, 2009).

The concept of nursing is based on the nursing theory of Watson. This theory comprises of seven assumptions. The first assumption is that caring can be practiced effectively and interpersonally demonstrated. Secondly, caring comprises creative factors which satisfy specific human needs (Watson & Foster, 2003). Third assumption holds that effective caring does promote health as well as family or individual growth. Fourth, caring responses accept an individual as he/she is now and as what he/she may become. Fifth assumption is that a caring environment refers to that which offers the development of potential while allowing the individual to decide the best action for oneself at a given point in time. Sixth, curing is less healthogenic than caring since that a science behind caring complements that of curing. Lastly, the caring practice is fundamental to nursing (Watson & Foster, 2003).

Watson also identified ten imperative carative factors which include the following: (i) Institution of systems of values which are humanistic-altruistic in nature – This begins or commences at a young age with the values shared with the parents. It is mediated through the life experiences of an individual, the learning he/she gains as well as humanity exposure. (ii) Faith-hope – this is important to both curative and carative processes. In the event that modern science does not have anything more to offer the patient, nurses can continue using faith-hope in order to instill a sense of wellness by applying meaningful beliefs to that person. (iii) Cultivation of sensitivity to others and to one’s self – Attempting to become sensitive allows the nurse to be more authentic, and this encourages self-actualization and self-growth in both the nurse and people he/she interacts with. (iv) Establishing a helping-trust relationship – the essential characteristics here are warmth, empathy and congruence (Watson & Foster, 2003). (v) The expression of positive and negative feelings – they help in altering behavior and thought, and they have to be given audience in a caring relationship. (vi) Systematic use of scientific methodology of problem-solving in the process of making decisions – this technique grants the use of both control and prediction. It also permits self-correction. (vii) Promotion of teaching and learning processes in an interpersonal manner, (viii) provision for a supportive, protective and/or corrective mental, physical, socio-cultural, and spiritual environment. (ix) Aid with the fulfillment of human needs – every need deserves to be valued and attended to, and finally (x) allowance for existential-phenomenological forces – the nurse helps the patient to find courage or strength in confronting life or death (Watson & Foster, 2003).

Develop definition of the concept for your organization with an explanation of the definition

The concept of nursing is essential in my hospital organization. It enables nurses or care givers within the hospital to view a patient as a special being who deserves to be given care, nurtured, understood, assisted and respected. It also helps to emphasize on human-to-human care interaction between the patient and the nurse (Wills & McEwen, 2006). Moreover, within my organization, the concept focuses on distributing health care of high quality in a cost-effective manner. With this goal, the nurses carry out such tasks as diagnosis, assessment, identifying the outcome, carrying out the planning process, implementation and finally evaluation. The nurses evaluate the condition of the patient through observing, interviewing, and examining the individual (Felgen, 2004). When the nurse collects the data, she/he analyzes the situation and will then generate a diagnosis. At this moment, potential psychological and physical problems are anticipated – identification of the outcome. After that, the nurse will plan the appropriate techniques for intervention. Implementation will typically involve creating an environment that is conducive or favorable to healing, carrying out the treatment suggested by the doctor, and counseling the individual in order to promote quick recovery. In addition, the nurse will also recommend and confer with doctors on creating further treatment after assessing the recovery progress of the patient (Koloroutis, 2009).

Description of how the concept supports my professional practice model

The concept of nursing indeed supports my professional practice model. In my practice roles, a nurse diagnoses, orders, and interprets diagnostic tests, orders therapeutic interventions and medications, carry out some invasive procedures such as intubation, suturing, central line placement, and at times they serve as case managers. The concept also supports my professional practice model in the sense that nursing is not just about diagnosing and treating the patient, but also takes into account the patient as a whole. It emphasizes the emotional, cultural and biological needs of the patient and her/his family. Moreover, nurses also act as educators since they give preventative healthcare to individuals, and in turn, this helps to maintain the state of wellness in people as well as preventing illnesses (Wills & McEwen, 2006).

 

 

                                                                      Reference

Felgen, J. A. (2004). The patient as CEO: Passion in practice. Journal of Nursing Administration,

30(10), 453–456.

Watson, J., & Foster, R. (2003). The Attending Nurse Caring Model: Integrating Theory, Evidence, and Advanced Caring-Healing Therapeutics for Transforming Professional Practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing.

Wills M., & McEwen M. (2006). Theoretical Basis for Nursing. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Koloroutis, M. (2009). Re-Igniting the spirit of caring: Facilitator’s guide (2nd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: Creative Health Care Management.

JED Assessment Case Study

Alcohol abuse is a problem that is afflicting millions of people throughout the world. However, even if alcoholism does not severely affect some people financially, it has been attributed to the significantly rising number of domestic conflicts such as domestic violence or neglect. Alcoholism has also been attributed to a significant number of traffic accidents as a result of drinking and driving (DUI/DWI). Therefore, considering the arguments between Jed and his wife Emily on whether he is alcoholic as his father was or not in addition to his two DUI/DWI incidences, Jed requires to under screening and assessment techniques to evaluate his extent of alcoholism (Allen, Eckardt & Wallen, 1988).

Under time constraints, the clinician may ask only a few questions as a screening or assessment to evaluate Jed. However, for succinct evaluation of Jed’s alcoholism more standardized and formal techniques are necessary including CAGE questionnaire which short and simple (Allen, Eckardt & Wallen, 1988), or other longer and detailed tests such as the 10-question Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the 25-question Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), 15-minute Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) or the 40-minute Addiction Severity Index (ASI) aimed at establishing severity of the patient’s alcohol problem (Allen, Eckardt & Wallen, 1988).

There are various issues that must be addressed in this case and they range from Jed’s driving behavior and marriage life. In this case, it should be first noted that despite Jed’s excellent work record alcoholism is undoubtedly proving a challenge to him because of his driving behavior as well as the protests and arguments his wife poses regularly (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, n.d.). For instance, in only two years Jed has been involved in two DUI/DWI incidences which he terms normal occurrences despite the fact that they both occurred after a drinking spree with friends. This is a clear evident that alcohol is putting Jed into troubles. Moreover, considering the risk of Jed’s marriage failure due to the imminent divorce, as a result of increased arguments between him and his wife proves that not only is alcohol putting Jed into legal tussles, but also it has led to significant social problems. Thus, the need to seek help is inevitable if Jed has to revert to his normal life or tremendously reduce alcohol use (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, n.d.). Furthermore, it is important to consider that after the first DUI/DWI incident, Jed has considered several methods to help him out of alcoholism, but considers them a waste of time since they haven’t helped him. Hence, now that he has opted for clinical treatment, this might be the ultimate source of help for Jed (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, n.d.).

The clinical relationship with Jed has the potential of significantly affecting treatment. This is mainly because compliance is of significant importance if Jed is to achieve substantial success in treatment. This is important considering it might strengthen his legal case because the judges would see this as a determination to quite alcoholism (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, n.d.). However, since Jed is also concerned about the explanation he will be giving his buddies on why he is not joining them in the bar and also he does not want his workmates and supervisors to find out about his treatment, this may affect his relationship with the clinic center eventually affecting overall treatment. Thus, full compliance would be an important thing to consider if the treatment is to be successfully completed. Moreover, despite the challenges facing Jed, he also has several assets. For instance, he has a very good work record and has been providing for his family. However, he has challenges with his estranged wife because of absconding some of his chores to join friends in the bar. His DUI/DWI incidences are also posing considerable challenges and finally the fear that his workmates or supervisors will find out about his treatment for alcoholism is also proving to be a challenge (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, n.d.).

 

References

Allen, J. P., Eckardt, M. J. & Wallen, J. (1988). Screening for alcoholism: Techniques and issues. Public Health Reports, 103(6), 586-592.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (n.d.). Case examples. Retrieved April 02, 2013, from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Social/Teaching%20Case%20Examples/Case%20Examples.html

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (n.d.). Alcohol Alert. Retrieved April 02, 2013, from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa65/aa65.htm

Intent Essay on Dental Hygiene Program

The desire to pursue a career in whichever field has motivational background. The intention of pursuing a career can be motivated by an experience in life or proficiency in certain subjects that lead to the intended career. My intention to join the dental hygiene career started when I was young. My father frequently suffered from tooth decay that kept him awake most of the nights. The experience he went through had a direct impact on our family life because he was unable to go to work, which translated to fewer earnings. Consequently, we had to forego certain basic needs to cater for his medical bills. Moreover, he lost the close connection he had created with his family and resulted to isolation. I earnestly hoped I could help him, but had ability to do so. In my childish thoughts, I entertained the thought of becoming a dental hygiene specialist to prevent other people from going through the experience as my father. Finally, his teeth were removed, which changed his dietary preferences. This was the first instance that motivated my interests in dental hygiene.

When I went to school, I developed a strong liking for biology and chemistry, may be due to my childhood dreams of becoming a dental specialist. To gain further knowledge on my intended career, I volunteered in several dental clinics during my holidays. These voluntary services challenged me and gave me insights on the nature of dental care in my country.

Dental care in the United States is a luxury that many people cannot afford. Poor  People are, therefore, not aware of the basic routine care procedures and prevention methods to use against tooth decay and dental infection. The limited access to dental care services due to the high costs involved compromises the dental health of the poor. Given that the United States is a developed country and has limited access to dental care, the situation is a nightmare in poor countries. This situation disturbed me for a long time and wondered the way forward for the poor. My aspirations of becoming a dental hygiene specialist present the perfect chance to alleviate the problem facing the poor in their quest for dental health. When I become a dental hygiene specialist, I intend to organize philanthropic campaigns aimed at helping the poor to access dental care services irrespective of their financial constraints. With dental hygiene knowledge, I will be able to hold seminars with my community and engage other dentists in helping those who are marginalized. My dental profession will, therefore, benefit the communities’ from which I come and satisfy my aspirations of giving back to the community.

The field of dental hygiene provides the practitioner a chance to give service for the sake of humanity. Many other fields engage people to the extent that they may lose their humanity. People in other professions rarely have a chance to impact other people’s lives positively. This rare opportunity available in the dental hygiene provides me with passion to work towards becoming a dental hygiene profession. My views of the world around me also influence my choice of career. Satisfaction in life is not only achieved through financial support, but also the extent to which one impacts the society. Therefore, my aspirations to join the dental hygiene profession are influenced by many factors, which are inclined to making life worthwhile for the marginalized.

 

Apple Company

The Apple Company is one of the most successful and innovative technology company that emerged in the past decades. Apple, Inc has a superb reputation for bringing to market various products such as Macintosh desktop and portable computer, iTunes and iPod, and the most recent product the iPhone. The success of the Apple Company can be traced to the management of Steve Jobs who was the founder and the CEO. His philosophy was to create efficient products that utilize innovative technology. Nevertheless, the company has faced challenges due to competitive market landscape. This paper evaluates the business model and revenue model of the Apple Company.

The Apple Company was incorporated in 1976, with an aim of selling and distributing computers (Kenney 2007, 114). However, the company has expanded in sales, revenues, and products. Currently, the company distribute different products such as iPod, iPhone, and portable computers just to name a few.  Since 2001, Steven Job transformed the company into a brand that distributes best personal computing devices and portable mobile to consumers, educators, businesses, government agencies, and students through innovative software and hardware, internet offerings, and peripherals. The company targets various consumers such as home users, medium sized business, young generation, and education segment. The successful products line of the company comprises Macintosh, iPad, iPhone series, iPod series, and iMac. The following table outline the market analysis of the company in the mobile and PC industry.

Products	Main Competitors
IPad	Samsung, HP, Amazon’s kindle, and Dell
Operating System	Microsoft Windows
iPod series	Samsung, Microsoft’s Zune, San Disk, and Pandora among others
iMac and Macintosh	HP, IBM, Dell, and Lenova

 

The Apple Inc mainly operates in the United States in different localities such as California and Cupertino. Although the company is successful in various ways it has various weaknesses. The table below presents the SWOT analysis of the company that helps one to understand how the company operates.

Strengths Strong achievement in education, business, and young generation segment, thus increasing growth. The brand is globally recognized. Charismatic and visionary management team. The company has a large segment of devoted and loyal clients. Strong feasibility in the 21st century: Pioneer of high tech and innovative products such as iPad, iPhone, iPod, and Mac. Desirability: The Company has attractive products that attract most consumers.

Weaknesses A reported failure of sales and revenues on two products namely Apple TV and Mac Mini. The company has a higher price and lower market share compared to other competitors.

 

Opportunities There is a constant growth of the mobile industry and PC industry. More global expansion such Asian countries. Growing demand of online music and portable computers. Constant growth of energy efficient products.

Threats Stiff competition in the technology market. More expensive products as compared to other competitors such as Microsoft, Nokia, and Dell. Unpredictable global economic crisis.

 

To understand how Apple Company operates, it is important to understand its revenue model. Typically, the Apple Company utilizes unit sales type of revenue model. The company approximates how big the addressable market is and approximates the company’s market share. For instance, if the Smartphone market amounts to $20 billion annually and Apple Company have a 20% market share with its iPhone products, then that gives Apple Company and estimated $4 billion revenue from the iPhone product range (Kenney 2007, 113). Secondly, the company utilizes premium subscription for email list and websites with access to the company’s content. Users must agree to pay a certain fee to access online resources such as forums, guides, and videos. Thirdly, the company utilizes advertisements, in which it attracts companies to put adverts on their websites. This helps the company to obtain recurring revenue regardless the global economic condition. Lastly, the company has been innovating different products that attract many consumers. This has increased the company earnings and sales.

 

Bibliography

Kenney, Mattew. “The apple way: 12 management lessons from the world’s most innovative company”. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship 12, no. 1 (2007): 113-115, http://search.proquest.com/docview/203919095?accountid=45049 (accessed April 2, 2013).