Author: chris

Literature Review: Forrest Gump
Source: http://www.aleuto.org/forrest-gump-1994-full-hd-1080p-full-movie-online/
The movie revolves around the life of Forrest Gump, the main actor. He was a Southerner raised by a single mother. His intelligence abilities are mentioned as being just below average. A “Gump” is defined in the dictionary as an idiot. His mother offers him advice that life is full of surprise, you never know what might come your way. During grade school, he is able to escape from bullies due to his fast running abilities that he achieved through his ability to focus on one goal. This ability is demonstrated in his life experiences as he jumps from one profession to another depending on his passions. Throughout the movie, he accomplishes several achievements such as joining the army, becoming the army’s ping pong champion, saving his platoon, opening a shrimp business with his former army lieutenant and running across the country for fun.
In this movie, it is evident that Forrest Gump is a successful man in life regardless of the fact that the movie describes him as a man with normal intelligence capabilities. He is able to achieve his goals through his relentless passion and determination drawn from his mother’s advice on life. Regardless of the fact that he is from a single parent family, Gump makes it in life contrary to the society’s expectations and cultural misconceptions that single-parent children have fewer chances of success in life. Gump is also a social man as he makes a friend by the name Bubba during his army years. Their friendship is true and loyal as evidenced in the part where Gump decides to delve into the shrimp business with his former army lieutenant so that he could fulfill a promise he had made to Bubba.
During his years in elementary school, a girl called Jenny approaches him after she is rejected by everybody else in the school. Gump helps her and their relationship continues for many years after they complete elementary school. He stays true to her during all those years despite Jenny being a heavy user of hard narcotics. Finally, Gump’s patience and trust is rewarded later in the movie when she marries him. This proves the belief that everybody, regardless of how bad they may seem, can change for the better if the society offers them a helping hand instead of isolation and discrimination.
The movie relates to the American history and society through events that Gump undergoes. Throughout his life, several presidents take office, the University of Alabama is desegregated and the Vietnam War occurs to name just a few. However, despite the changing times in the American society, Gump is able to live the “American Dream” where he goes to school, joins the army, gets married and becomes a successful businessman. Through these actions, the movie is sending a message to the society that anybody who is relentless, sincere and selfless in his/her dealings and interactions with other people. The general idea here is that the cultural perception that only a select elite few are assured of success in life should be replaced by a mindset that success depends on one’s efforts and not your origin.

His mother tells him that he should not accept negative criticism from people that he is inferior to other people or less of a human being. That he should view himself as being capable of achieving anything in life through application of his full potential as a person. His mother even agrees to sleep with the principal so that Gump can secure a place in the school. This shows that his mother believes education is for all people regardless of one’s background status. However, throughout the movie, Gump refers to himself as an idiot. This movie shows satire in that it sends a message to the audience [the society] to change its mindset on life while at the same time shows scenes of the society disregarding such advice and believing in the self-destructive idea that some people are better than others.
Many people can identify with several, if not all scenes that make up this movie. The society holds certain beliefs that success in life is difficult to achieve especially for those that possess average human capabilities. According to society, only the very intelligent and financially-able achieve the “American Dream”. However, the underlying message throughout the entire movie is that life offers us equal chances and opportunities in life. Success begins at the individual level when one believes that he/she can accomplish something through personal effort and persistence. Gump is a simple man yet he even meets the president due to his commendable achievements in football. The message in this scene is that one does not have to do great things for his/her efforts to be recognized, just start with the small things you are good in and are passionate about- like Gump did with football.
However, since the society is made up of me and you, the questions that the movie puts across are; what are you doing as a person to achieve success and help others in achieving their dreams? Does the society’s view on success in life inhibit you in achieving your full potential?

Attached is the Discharge Summary Report Case Study if you choose Option #1 and the Essay Guidelines if you choose #2.
For this second assignment, you may pick from one of three choices
1. Discharge Summary Report: Using the Discharge Summary Case Study (attached below or available in Unit 7), write your answers to the following questions in your own words:
1. What is Hypothyroidism?
2. How does Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism affect the patient’s general health?
3. If the patient is suffering from Hyperlipidemia, how would this affect the patient’s general health?
4. What is the relationship between the patient’s diagnosis of Diabetes and the presence of Hypoglycemia?
You will be graded on the following: (a) Answering the questions completely and incorporating medical terminology (20 points – 5 points/question); (b) good grammar and no spelling errors (1 point); (c) using references WITHIN your paper (2 points); and providing a list of your references at the end of your paper in either APA or MLA style (1 point), OR
2. Choose a current medical event found in the newspaper, or on a television news program, or internet news site and write a 2-3 page paper. This paper needs to be referenced using your book, the source of the topic and at least 1 other source. This paper should be in an essay form and include an introduction (5 points), the body of the paper (15 points), and a conclusion (5 points). See the Current Event Essay Guidelines (attached below or available in Unit 7) for specific details to include in your paper, OR
3. Create an educational pamphlet on a disorder found in Chapters 11-22, written for a lay person. Creativity is encouraged. Include the following: definition/description of the disorder (5 points); signs and symptoms (5 points); how the disorder is diagnosed (3 points); how it is treated (3 points); how it can be prevented (3 points); information sites/support groups (2 points); creativity (4 points).
NOTE: You must use APA or MLA format for your referencing. Make sure you have studied the guidelines and practiced using it in your discussions. Visit the Research and Writing Toolkit on the student wiki for more information on using references in your writing (link opens to a new window).

Assessment Strategies

Assessment Title

Produce an individual professional poster that details the theoretical and practical principles of self management (1,500 word equivalent). (60%)

Assignment Specification

Relates to Learning Outcome

Assignment – to include:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of psychological aspects of the self. (30%).
• Displays critical understanding of ambiguities and uncertainty around theoretical perspectives. (30%).
• Communicate accurately and reliably with an innovative approach to layout and structure (10%)
• Show a depth of critical reflection in line with the needs of the question (20%).
• Evidence of academic research and referencing (10%).

a) Critically analyse the origins of, and contemporary research in, psychological aspects of the self.
b) Identify and gain a critical understanding of the uncertainty and complexity of the range of approaches and theoretical perspectives.
c) Critically reflect on the nature of the relationship between individual effectiveness and the work environment.

The gross national income nearly equals that of the United States due to the big population of China compared to the population of the United States.
Nigeria
Inflation rates
The inflation rate of Nigeria was at 8.10 percent by October 2014. The figure has increased at the moment to about 8.3 percent. However, this is not the highest inflation rate in Nigeria. An inflation rate of about 47.56 percent was recorded in the January 1996. It has also had the lowest inflation rates in the in 2000 when the inflation rate was -2.49(Nigerian Bureau of Statistics, 2014)
Interest rates
The interest rate in Nigeria is at 13 percent. This is the figure as at November 2014. Nigeria has shown some level of stability in terms of interest rates. From the year 2007 to 2014 interest rate was on average 9.66 percent. In 2006, the interest rate was 6 percent. This indicates a rapid increase in the interest rates in Nigeria.
Economy system
Nigeria is a mixed system economy and is within the middle income status. It is ranked number 60 by the World Bank.
Exchange rates
The exchange rate of Nigeria is about 167 naira for one dollar buying. The selling rate is about 168 against the dollar. The central exchange rate is about 167.5 naira for a dollar. This is the figures as at the 5/12/2014. The Nigerian naira has been weakening against the dollar. This is because on 27/11/2014 the buying rate was 164. In a span of 8 days the buying rate shot to 167 naira against the dollar.
South Africa
Inflation rates
The inflation rate of South Africa was at 5.90 in the October 2014. The inflation rate had averaged 9.4 percent until 2014. This indicates an improvement in the Economy of South Africa.
Interest rates
The interest rate of South Africa stands at 5.75 percent. In 2012 it was at 5 percent. Form the year 1988 to 2014 it averaged13 percent. The interest rates of South Africa has stabled at about 5 percent (South Africa Reserve Bank, 2014)
Exchange rates
The exchange rate is at 11.36. A dollar is about 11.36 South African Rand. This indicates that the South African Economy is strong.
Economy system
South Africa is a mixed economy where capitalism and socialism co-exist. The private sector is not blocked from participating in the economy (Laurence Harris, pg 33).
Japan
Inflation rate
The inflation rate of Japan stood at 2.90 percent this year. From the 1958 to 2014 the rate averaged 3.16. This indicates the stability and growth of the economy.
Interest rate
The interest rate of Japan stands at 0 percent. This shows the strength of the economy of Japan. From 1972 to 2014 it averaged at 3.11 percent.
Exchange rate
1 Japanese Yen equals 0.0082 US dollars.
Economy system
Japan is currently leaning towards a mixed economy. This is because there has been increase in private ownership of businesses. The government though is socialist. The private ownership has increased the growth of Japan. It is therefore mixed by it generally a market economy. Individuals have the factors of production. This is similar to the situation in the United States
India
Inflation rate
The inflation rate of India stands at 5.52. From 2012 to 2014 the rate averaged 9.23. This indicates economic improvement.
Interest rate
The interest rate of India currently stands at 8 percent. It had averaged 6.67 percent between the years 2000 to 2014.
Exchange rate
The Indian rupee changes at the rate of 61.94 against the dollar.
United States
Inflation rate
The inflation rate stands at 1.7 percent (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014)
Interest rates
The interest rate of United States stood at 1.7 percent in 2013(World Bank, 2014)
Part Three
All the counties are a mixed economy. This therefore means that the States does not fully control factors of production. Expansion to a socialist State would be a bit difficult. This is because countries that do not operate under a market economy control business. Countries that put the factors of production on the state aim at preventing foreign domination.
All the four countries except Nigeria have stable inflation rates. The inflation rates of India and South Africa is around 5 percent

Academic research activities have been conducted on the prisoner reentry systems. The research activities have mainly focused on program evaluation and also experimental design; instead of greater analysis in the race and gender relations issues, and even economic changes. Greater analysis of the prisoner reentry issues provides comprehensive analysis of the challenges that are experienced by the highly marginalized groups of former prisoners that are currently being subjected to the reentry programs. This paper illustrates the sociology involving the punishment agenda and the prisoner reentry program. The paper illustrates that the long neglected aspects of the subaltern populations in the United States over the years, should form a key aspect of the prisoner reentry research. The paper explains the various literary materials that describe the theoretical aspects to manage the reentry research process. The reentry agenda entails three major components. First, prison reentry is considered a neoliberal punishment. Second, prisoner reentry entails peculiar institutions. Third, prisoner reentry illustrates criminological scientism (Rebecca, 2008).
The significant decrease of the entry level jobs meant for underclass males, and also the reduced social capital owned by the impoverished families in the high crime neighborhoods, illustrates that the prison system has inadequate social support. Family support, work and social welfare, are the programs through which the ex-prisoners were integrated back into the society in a mainstreaming approach. Due to the reduction in the resources supply, imprisonment has continued to be a challenging task with minimal hope of resorting back to the unsupervised freedom issue. The prison system operates like the pre-modern sanctions in areas of transport and maybe banishment. The prison system presently operates like an exile approach; through minimal rehabilitation efforts, instead of eliminative efforts (Blake, 2006).
During the 1990s, Janet Reno (Attorney general of United States during that period) tasked Jeremy Travis to formulate legal strategies that effectively assist the continuously expanding inmate numbers, who are being released from the prisons systems. Travis was the officer in charge of the National Institute of Justice. After completing the long prison durations, Reno explained that the rapidly increasing prisoner population showed that the newly released inmates were brought back to the prison system almost immediately. Prison research illustrates that an average of 68% of prisoners that were released from prison during the 1990s were shortly rearrested within three years. Within the first five years, more than 50% of the released prisoners were rearrested again. Research evidence also explains that the small offender population which becomes successful after the prison release succeeds because of several issues that are beyond the control of the formal prison and justice system. The successes issues include; effective family support, secure housing, adequate access to healthcare, and ignoring the ex-convict stereotype or tag. Stephen Richards, a Professor and former prisoner explains the structural challenges to the realization of high success levels for the released prisoners. He based his research study on one prison system; the Iowa state prison. The conducted study explains the key issues that are faced by mostly the newly released prisoners. The issues include; housing discrimination, high unemployment levels, also the extreme poverty that the released convicts are subjected to (David, 2011).
The prison system in America is enhancing growth through the enhancement of its institutional failures, and not adequately preparing the inmates for release to the outside world. The prison system resembles the revolving door which transfers the prisoners for one custody level to another, probation to prison, from prison to parole, and alternatively from parole back to the prison. The prison state system of Iowa is expanding due to the existing institutional failures. During the 1990s, it become evident that the significant reentry system was required in assisting the former inmates to maintain resources that the criminologists believe are very significant the success of inmate during the latter stages of life. However, the inmate reentry movement has only shown limited progress. This illustration is shared by even the key figures of the inmate reentry process. As from 1980 to 2000, the prison facilities significantly improved by approximately 70%.in the same period, the number of prisoners also greatly improved approximately four times (Rebecca, 2008).
The federal and state governments are responsible for the process of providing resources, utilized during the judicial and correctional bureaucracies in the rapidly increasing justice systems. Around 98% of inmates in United States are ultimately released. But the high and increasing rates of incarceration, has develop continuous surge in the institutionalized returning inmates completing the lengthy prison terms. Presently, thousands of prisoners annually are released from prisons. The majority usually end back to the poor and dangerous communities that they initially came from. The criminology research analyzes the high incarceration efforts during the last 30 years. This is especially so because it adheres to the greater dismantling and improvements of the American prison system. Several explanations concerning the increasing incarceration illustrate minimal influences by the rising levels of crime. Therefore, adequate analysis of the economic and social aspects of the society is great ways of analyzing the continuously changing punishment dynamics (David, 2011).
The punishment sociology describes the penalty dynamics beyond the specific sanctions faced by the offenders, to concentrate on the broader aspects of punishment and the continuous changes in the penal philosophy. The psychological analysis of punishment is not only about actions of the inmates, but also concerning the analysis of the social factors that affect philosophies and punishment approaches. Punishment and crime is also analyzed in term s of the insecurity and welfare issues that entails societal class relations. The present academic researches show that the hyper incarceration of generally unemployed, minority or impoverished individuals, illustrate the change in the entire penal code legislations on the concept of urban poverty.
In the present American society the huge proportion of unemployment levels among the African Americans, especially of male gender, has increased the hyper incarceration of Americans from the informal settlements. Incarceration is viewed by certain scholars as the approach to replace the social welfare concept as the main way of dealing with unemployment. This paper illustrates that the academic researches of the concepts of prisoner reentry is relatively shallow. The criminologist must strive to concentrate more beyond the applied research concept, to the extra focus on the concepts of sociological change that affects the experiences of former inmates. The enhanced focus on applied research is very effective in describing the thoughtful processes that affects many other former inmates. The processes include; high poverty levels, ignorance, race discrimination activities, and violence that led to their initial incarceration. Despite approximately two decades entailing the usage of applied research in the reentry programs, minimal research is in place to illustrate effective reentry approaches that suit the characteristics of prisoners, taking into consideration the availability of adequate resources (David, 2011).
The economic, legal and social issues experienced by the ex-offenders have not satisfactorily handled the treatment issues related to experimental research methodology. Majority of the ex-offender who get employment or related reentry services experience chronic violation. They are, therefore, continuously sent back to the legal processes, for insignificant actions such as drinking alcohol and marijuana possession. This is even if there is there is significant qualitative progress illustrated by the ex-inmate. Several major prison programs that deal with the issue of reentry have been stopped or minimized due to the weaknesses in performance issues. The main challenge is that the reentry programs that handle difficult populations like violent offenders will analyzed negatively due to the high levels of recidivism and accusations of public safety threat (Balke, 2006).
Currently, the desire of the ex-prisoners in the community is even greater. The men and women who leave the prison system are inadequately prepared for the reintroduction and also reintegration in the society. The present reentry policies in place are still basic. The reentry concept is currently being developed in accordance to the best practices evidences. It is very important to invest and concentrate on effective evaluations; that will identifying the most appropriate intervention measures. The intervention measures are aimed at enhancing public safety, and also ensuring adequate reintegration in the society. The government should play a key role in developing the new ideas and testing them adequately. The test should especially be conducted on the reentry approaches that ensure effective reintegration of the ex- prisoners.

Business Class Project and Discourse Communities
A discourse community is a group of people who are involved in and are communication about a certain idea, issue, topic or field. John Swales was an educator and researcher who focused on discourse communities. For my project, I decided to pursue the idea of conducting research on the new marketing strategies in the social networking sites. The idea for this article was obtained from WordStream Blog, an online advertisement site. Majority of the people worldwide spend most of their time on social media sites than any other part of the internet. According to Swales’ description of a discourse community, such a group of people can be classified as such. This is because they share information and communicate on similar topics and use the social media to put forward their ideas and opinions on these topics.
As such, for the project to be a success, Swales characteristics of the literary skills needed for one to fit into or appeal to a certain discourse community must be applied when coming up with new strategies necessary to attract this large and worldwide group of internet consumers. This is because they provide an insight of the factors and forces that drive this market.
Swales outlined six characteristics. The first claims that these communities possess common and public goals that are generally agreed by everyone. The aim of social media users is to communicate with other people around the world. Consequently, in order for one to fit into this group, he/she must embrace effective and sensitive communication models to reach out to the members. For example, any advertisements placed on social media sites must demonstrate its capacity to pass on the message without appearing to be discriminative in any way to the target population.
Secondly, Swales claims that there are mechanisms used for intercommunication between members of a discourse community. For social media users, these mechanisms include all internet-enabled devices that can display information on a screen such as phones and computers. Additionally, public or private gatherings are made possible through messages passed across on social media sites. Since the market is already big, the only task that this project will have to accomplish in its marketing strategy is to find a way to get the message to the consumers through their mechanism at the cheapest cost.
Discourse communities also acquire their own lexis- specific words in a particular field such as scientific words used by scientists. In order to appeal to such a group, one has to familiarize him/herself with some of these words. Social media users also have such words, for example acronyms. As a result, the marketing strategy will require me to familiarize myself with new and emerging words and phrases used by this community. This is because using such words in my advertisements will make them easily accessible on the internet search engines. These words form part of the keywords used in online advertisements.
In conclusion, this article demonstrates the effectiveness in marketing that can be achieved through the application of some of the principles that govern communication between people in different discourse communities. In our case, the market is social media users across the world and they constitute the discourse community. I believe that the literary skills advanced by Swales’ thoughts will be instrumental in the success of this project.

Background
The research study aims at; illustrating corruption in Canada, the effects of corruption on the Canadian general economy, and the mechanisms that are put in place by key stakeholders in addressing corruption in Canada. The Corruption Perceptions Index positions Canada among the 10 least corrupt countries internationally. But in recent years the levels of corruption is slowly rising, and thus presents increasing problem to the government, private sector, and also the nongovernmental organizations in Canada. The World Bank in 2013 prevented SNC Lavalin and subsidiaries, from engaging in its project bidding activities due to its corruption policies.SNC Lavin was blacklisted by the World Bank as a result of the effects of the Padma Bridge Scandal. Canada ranks at the lowest level of the bribery fighting index. This is because it has minimal or non-existent anti-bribery mechanisms. Ernst & Young conducted a survey study in 2014 regarding corruption in Canada. The results indicated that 30% of the corporate executives in Canada believe that corruption is widespread. The Graduate School of Public Policy in 2014, also conducted a research study that illustrates majority of Canadians believe that politicians and government institutions are majorly corrupt (Mark, 2013).
The research process is effectively guided through research questions and hypothesis. There are three research questions that will be addressed by the study. The questions are:
1. What is the level of corruptions in Canada?
2. What is the effect of corruption on the general Canadian economy?
3. What are the measures that are being put in place by relevant Canadian authorities in hindering or minimizing corruption?
The research hypothesis as applicable in the study illustrates the likely issues or scenarios involving corruption in Canada. Three hypotheses are applicable to this study, and they are:
1. The level of corruption in Canada continuously increases.
2. Corruption slows down the economic activities in Canada.
3. The Canadian government is putting in place adequate measures and laws to combat corruption.
The hypotheses are critical in guiding the research process towards answering the research questions. The research goal thus integrates aspects of both research question and research hypothesis. The goal of the research is to determine the level, effects and preventive strategies concerning corruption, with a focus on Canada. Corruption in the Canadian region of Ontario is presenting major challenges to the government, business organizations, non-profit organizations and also the civil service. Examples of corruption cases experienced by the Ontario Liberal government are; Ornge Scandal, eHealth Scandal and the Ontario power plant corruption scandal. These major cases have adversely mentioned the leadership of the governing party, including Dalton McGuinty who is a former premier. The leaders of the Ontario Provincial Police Association top leadership has also be negatively named in relation to official corruption. For example, Jim Christies were found to have committed corruption, financial fraud and money laundering activities (Johnston & Ornstein, 1985).
Quebec is the Canadian region that has the highest corruption levels. The Charbonneau Commission was formed with the main objective of investigating corruption in the Quebec province. The commission found evidence on widespread corruption; for instance, price-fixing schemes practiced by the construction companies who bid for municipal tenders. The commission also identified unlawful donations to political parties that are dominant in the region by the biggest engineering companies. Evidence was also found on the connection between the FTQ union federation and the organized crime members. In 2015, the staffs of IBM and Revenue Quebec were legally charge for committing fraud and breach of trust, when implementing contracts on the government computer networks. The Aboriginal communities in Canada are also greatly affected by corruption. The corruptions among the Aboriginal communities are majorly in the areas of; election of officials, and also the management of allocated resource reserves (Armina, 2013).
Methodology
The research conducted is quantitative. This is because it applies numerical data collection, analysis and presentation. The quantitative research is conducted through five key stages. The first stage involves measuring providing a background of the research study (Hunter & Leahey, 2012). The background has been clearly illustrated by the research goal, which entails determination of the corruption effects in Canada and the determination of appropriate preventive strategies. The research methodology entails the procedures for data collection, analysis, presentation and stages. These stages are adequately illustrated in the research. The results level provides the findings generated from the research process. These findings provide adequate insight into the effects of corruption in Canada and the adopted measures used to address the situation. The discussion explains the theoretical perspective to the corruption issue in Canada. Finally, the last research stage is conclusion. Conclusion illustrates a summary or brief overview of the measures adopted by Canadian authorities in addressing the corruption and related crime issues (The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2011).
The research process utilized respondents from five key economic sectors in Canada. These sectors are; insurance, health, law enforcement, tax and non-profit sector. The economic sectors are negatively affected by corruption, and thus are very critical in the research analysis process. A total of one thousand respondents were contacted in the study; 200 respondents from each sector. The gender of the respondents was representative. The research team assured that 500 respondents were from each gender. The research team ensured adequate ethics, through observing anonymity of the respondents by using initials of name and also maintaining the confidentiality of the data collected. The respondents were told that the research will only be used for academic purposes (Hunter & Leahey, 2012). The respondents were contacted through the professional social media networks that majority of professionals belong to. The professional groups across the studies sectors are active in three social network sites; Facebook, twitter and LinkedIn.
The data collection team applied was the questionnaire. The questionnaire was in electronic format, and its link was provided on the professional pages in the three social media networks. The format if the questionnaire was very simple, and the English used was very basic. The respondents were supposed to just click and illustrate their answer choice. The online questionnaire is very effective and efficient. This is because it is less formal, and ensures easy collection, storage and retrieval of data from the internet database. The electronic questionnaire is very cost effective because internet access in Canada is very high, and the internet is free in most public institution like companies and learning centers or very affordable (The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2011). The research was conducted for a total duration of one month; from March 1, 2015 to March 31, 2015. The research duration is thus very adequate. The sampling applicable to the research process is automated or computer generated. Thus a computer program effectively identifies respondents in the study based on the keyed in respondent profiles.
The research utilizes two statistical measures. The measures are; measures of central tendency and measures of variability. The measures of central tendency applied for analysis is the mean. The measure for variability that was used in the research analysis is range (Hunter & Leahey, 2012). The charts that present the data were generated using percentages measures. The computer spreadsheet software (Microsoft Excel) was used to generate the chart data. The statistical measure are very useful is providing summary data that explains the entire research process and outcome. The collected data is analyzed in terms of three broad categories. The categories are corruption level in Canada, the corruption effects in Canada, and the effectiveness of the preventive measures (Johnston & Ornstein, 1985). The level of corruption question was structure. The respondents were only required to click is the level is high or low. The corruption effects question was also structured. The online respondent was just required to click if the effect is positive or negative. Question in the preventive measure was also structured. The respondent was just required to click whether the measure addressing corruption as adopted by the relevant agencies are adequate or alternatively, insufficient.
Results
The results from the study adequately describe the corruption issues as experienced in the five economic sectors. The result table is illustrated below. According to the research table, the level of corruption is highest in the tax sector of the Canadian economy. The high level of corruption in tax issues, can only explain that many individuals and corporations try to falsify tax records. The tax records are in some cases falsified through the assistance of the officers from government tax agencies (Johnston & Ornstein, 1985). 821 respondents illustrated that the sector has experiences highest corruption activities. Majority of the respondents explained that corruption majorly has negative impacts to the Canadian economy. The law enforcement sector has the highest number of respondents, 967, who explain the corruption negatively affects the Canadian economy and society. Corruption benefits only a few members of the society will a lot of ill-gotten wealth. Majority of the respondents illustrated that government agencies are not adoptive adequate measures of hindering and minimizing corruption in Canada. The members of the law enforcement strongly illustrate that the preventive measure are not adequate, especially in the area of legislations and political goodwill

Introduction
Events do have significant impacts on society- not just in the immediate time and even the people directly taking part in the event, but also in the wider context. The tourism sector, generally, has been found to have major impacts on society, from social to economic dimension, among others. According to Simoni and Mihai (2012), there are many benefits to enjoy throughout the various functions of the tourism sector: “planning, organizing, coordinating, training and monitoring-evaluating” (p.4). In agreement, Esmeil and Esmeil (2013) argue that the tourism industry can contribute positively to various areas of the economy and impact the lives of the host communities in many other ways, including social and cultural aspects.
However, that is mainly speaking about the general impact of the tourism industry. The main focus in this case, however, is how specific events within the tourism sector can have significant impacts on society. Esmeil and Esmeil (2013) note that In this regard, this paper is a case study on the Bikaner Camel Festival (an annual festival in the Bikaner desert dedicated to the camels) and how it has impacted on the lives of the host community.
In this regard, this paper will examine a number of aspects related to the event: its origins and how it has developed over the years (including the main objectives of the organizers and how roles in the event may have changed over the years); sources of funding; impacts on the society (including social and economic impacts); as well as the relationship between the event and the environment (especially discussed within the scope of sustainability theory and practice, among others), etc.
Background Information
Bikaner is a famous desert in India, and deserts (especially across the Middle east and Asia) are largely synonymous with camels, which form the main form of transport in such environments. The Bikaner festival is an annual festival that, for at least once in a year, recognizes the camels. Camel craftsmen and traders come from across Rajasthan and converge for the festival. As already noted, the festival is mainly about the camels, which form the main source of entertainment. These camel-based activities include camel racing, camel milking, camel acrobatics, fur-cutting design, camel beauty pageants and best breed competition, among others. Moreover, the celebrations also include folk performance by local and traditional artistes. There is a lot of eating (including snacks and tea prepared from camel milk), souvenir shopping, sight-seeing, among others. Other accompanying ceremonies include performances by fire dancing, skirt-swirling dancing and fireworks lighting.
Today, the festival attracts tourists from various parts of the world.
The festival’s opening ceremony usually starts with the parade of camels decorated beautifully in bright colored clothes and jewellry. This is in itself a beautiful performance, especially considering the color against the red backdrop that is the Junagarh Fort. The procession of beautiful camels walks into the open sand grounds where the performances start officially. The festival starts with the beauty pageant, with the owners showing off the clothes and jewelry decorations.
Origins and Development of the Bikaner Camel Festival over the Years: the Potential Evolution of Roles, Objectives and Motivations behind the Staging of the Event
Bikaner was for many years an inaccessible place. Before modern motor vehicles came into being, the natives depended primarily on the camels- calling the ‘ships of the desert’- for transportation. Back then, like today, camels were appreciated for their endurance, as well as strength, which enabled them to travel long distances and across lands that may be unfavorable for humans alone. The camels transported not just people, but also big loads of goods.
Even to date, the camel is a symbolic for the Rajasthan people, forming an inexplicable part of their identity. Without the camel, Cushan (2010) reports, it would have been impossible for the Rajasthan people to do many essential things, including settlement, trade, transportation and communication. There are even stories of a Bikaner army that had elite camel corps that went by the name of Ganga Risala. This elite corps is said to have taken part in both the First and Second World War and stayed even after independence, taking part in the Indo-Pak wars. Back and even to date, Bikaner is the only camel breeding region in the whole of India. In other words, camels were merely a part of life. They happened to be a natural part of the people’s environment and they used them to do whatever was essential to do to make life possible.
However, over the years, the camels have changed from being just a natural part of the people’s lives, but also a way to reach out to the outside world. In this regard, the camel has become a symbol to flaunt to those who do not know the region, becoming a way for the Rajasthan people to assert their uniqueness by using the most conspicuous symbol of that uniqueness. In other words, the people realized the camel did not just have to be a local symbol, but that it could also draw foreigners into the ir own communities.
For example, many industries in Rajasthan have maintained this symbolic importance of the camel in the region and for the people. The Rajasthan Tourism Department, for example, uses a camel as its logo. The department has also used romantic images of camels in its campaigns of an ‘incredible’ India. On the same note, the Government of Rajasthan, through the Department of Tourism, Art and Culture, organizes and hosts the Bikaner Camel Festival annually.
The main objective of the event is to boost tourism in the region, but also in the country. For the region, the camel festival provides away to preach their uniqueness and give tourists something different from what they may get elsewhere in the country and even in the region. Once they attract the tourists, the festival is a platform for showing off the host communities’ culture(s). But most importantly, the festival provides a source of income for many of the people. The event benefits other sectors of the economy in the country and region.
For example, the to tourists use various of transportation to get there, including trains and cars (through car rentals and even tour guide companies). There are also many hotels for the tourists who visit the area: Hotel Bhanwar Niwas, Hotel Lalgargh Palace, Hotel Gajner Palace, Hotel Raj Vilas Palace,Maharaja Ganga Mahal, Gaj Kesri Hotel and Karni Bhawan Palace, among others. All these, among others, provide employment for the people from the immediate communities, but also from others places in the country and even from other parts of the world. In other words, the event, among others, benefits various other parts of the economy.
Use and Influence of Technology
Technology has played a key role in the development of the Bikaner Camel Festival. For example, as already mentioned above (under background information section), the region was once inaccessible to the outside world. Motor cars were not yet invented back then. But even if they would have been there, the cars that were there at the time might probably have not managed to deal with the terrain. However, in recent years, motor cars have managed to get to the region with much trouble. There are clearly set out routes that people can use to get to the area and the festival. There are also other modes of transport. For example, people coming from further away or would like to avoid a long journey can fly in through the Jodhpur Airport (which is only 253 km). For there, they can take taxis, tourist buses or even state roadways buses, which can then take then to Bikaner. The journey takes just about 7 hours. One can also rent cars through reliable travel agents or tour operators. Rail is also an alternative mode of transport. There is extensive rail that lead to Bikaner from various places across the country, including Jaipur, Delhi, Allahabad, Kalka, Jodhpur and Calcutta, among others. In these respects, technology has helped to open up the Bikaner to the outside world, making it easy for the people in the adjacent communities to reach other parts for India and even the world beyond, but also making it possible for people from the outside world to reach the area.
Another technology that has contributed to the development of the event as a global event is the internet. The internet has enabled the marketing and advertisement of the event to the outside world. The Tourism Department has used the internet to sell the event to the counties that are main sources of tourists from India. There is even a website dedicated to the event (camelfestival.com). Other advertisements are not by the Department of Tourism alone, but also by other online news agencies. For example, a CNN online column (at http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/life/top-desert-activities-717094) on desert tourism events included the story of Bikaner Camel Festival (among other events in Egypt, China, Namibia, United Arab Emirate, Arizona and Nevada (United States) and Peru. The internet means that more and more people have come to know about the Bikaner event. This may explain why the number of tourists attending the Camel Festival has been increasing relatively steadily over the years.
Also related to the technological factor above is the advent of mobile phones (especially smart phones). Unlike computers, mobile phones are owned by many people. At the same time, the use of mobile phones to access the internet (including social media) has since surpassed the use of computers for the same thing.
Ultimately, these technologies, among others, have increased the interaction between the people of Bikaner and even the wider Rajasdhan region and the outside world. Although there are no concrete data on how this may have influenced the lives of the local communities, some are just naturally expected. For example, there has been some influence in lifestyle, including foods, dressing, partying habits, among others. But most importantly, the arriving tourists have provided economic opportunities to the people. In other words, technology has helped promote the event and by that, technology has provided the people economic opportunities. Again, this shows an interrelatedness of factors.
The Bikaner Camel Festival and Environmental Sustainability
Today, the environment has become a key focus in nearly every area of the economy. The key question that most- if not all- people ask of countries, organizations and events today is how they impact on the environment and how to mitigate and/or deal with the negative impacts. Bikaner, for example, records some extreme weathers throughout the year. The place has very little rainfall (just between 260 and 444 millimeters in a year) and records extreme temperatures (which can exceed 450C in the summer and fall to below freeing during the winter. Therefore, the question of the environment, especially in the face of global warming and climate change, is a relevant one.
Generally, environmental sustainability focuses on making sure that the present generation uses the environment and other resources in such a way that it does not hurt the future generations’ access to and use of the same. In this regard, it is important for the organizers of the Bikaner Camel Festival to adopt initiatives to ensure sustainability (Alvord et al. 2004; Klak & Ross 2008).
There are many ways in which the event may impact on the environment, either directly or indirectly. First, being a desert, the area’s soil is more prone to erosion. The event, in itself, can significantly contribute to increased soil erosion. There are also aspects of using sustainable energy source during the festivals. Other possible sources of environmental degradation during the event include littering (such as the use of non-biodegradable plastic bottles and even littering). There are also other indirect sources of environmental degradation which still relate to the event. This includes the carbon emission related to the transportation of tourists to and from the event. Equally, the hotels hosting the guests attending the events also face challenges with managing resource use, such as use of water and energy for the guests. According to Bohdanowicz et al. (2001), for instance, hotels are some of the most water- and energy-intensive sectors. This means the hotels around the area contribute significantly to the environmental degradation in the region.
However, one of the most alarming issues of unsustainability that are more likely to impact the event negatively are the dwindling number of camels in the region (Cushan 2010). The official Livestock Census Data (cited in Cushan 2010) shows that the number of camels in the region has been declining. For example, the official Livestock Census Data showed that, in 1997, there were 668,000 camels. Just 5 years later (i.e. 2003), this number had fallen by 24 percent (to 498,000 camels). This number decreased further to 430,426 camels by 2008. That is another 13.5 percent decrease in another 5 years. Cushan (2010) attributes this to the selling of female camels for slaughter due to the increasing prices of meat. Holistically, Cushan (2010) attributes this to the fact that the government has largely ignored the role of the camels in the economy of the local dry land and livestock production. On the contrary, Jaisalmer, the only District in the region, to record an increasing the number between 2003 and 2008, has been able to implement new initiatives aimed at providing camel breeders with new economic perspectives and knowledge, as well as availing low cost animal health treatment. Indeed, the case of Jaislamer shows that sustainable initiatives can mitigate the negative impacts of activities in the region.
One step towards ensuring that that the event remains sustainable for the community is to mitigate this loss of camels in the region. Without the camels, there is no event to speak of, which would be a major loss for the region’s tourism. The first step is for the government to recognize the role of the camels in the event and how the event contributes to the livelihoods of the people, both directly and indirectly. This will help mobilize the government towards the goal of sustainability. Secondly, there is need for an effective stakeholder management. The premise of stakeholder management is that the more people involved, the better the chances of success in ensuring sustainability (Alvord 2004; Altonen 2010; Pernille & Martina 2013). In this regard, there are many stakeholders who all can have a crucial role to play. The primary stakeholders include the organizers (the Department of Tourism), the came breeders (who take part in festivals), camel owning farmers, camel safari drivers and camel milk sellers, among others. Other stakeholders include those who do not own camels but whose lives the festival still impacts, socially and economically. All these stakeholders can unite towards specific initiatives for the protection of the camels. These include (Lokhit Pashu-Palak Sansthan 2004):
• Declaring the camels as State Animals in the region of Rajasthan
• The protection and goo maintenance of Orans (groves that provide essential nutritional foundations for the camels
• Provision of cheaper veterinary services
• Availability of information
Most importantly, the government must focus draw other participants (including hotel owners and managers) towards a holistic approach to sustainability in the region.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the main aim of this paper was to show how events, although seeming isolated from the other aspects of the society, do actually have more far-reaching impacts on the society than just in the immediate context. Using the Bikaner Camel Festival as a case study, this paper shows that events do have more social and economic impacts on the society. For example, the Bikaner Festival was once only a local event, a way for the people to celebrate the Camels, which have been key to the people’s social and economic lives over the years. However, as the world has continued to open up, the government has seen the potential of the event to be a more important institution, especially in its tourism industry. With the help of technology (newer modes of transport, the internet, mobile phones and social media, among others), the event today attracts more people from the outside world. This has allowed an interaction of cultures, which may have rubbed off the local communities and the people (including eating habits, dressing, among others). The event may also impact on the environment (such as through water and energy use in the hotels hosting the guests), just as the environment may impact on the event (such as dwindling numbers of camels). Therefore, there is need for the government to undertake sustainable tourism in the region and ensure the positive benefits of the event stay for the future generations to enjoy.

The killing of Mike Brown by police in Ferguson is an issue that has attracted a lot of attention on the social media, especially Twitter. The argument has been that the police in Ferguson are racists and against the Black Americans. From the twitter messages, there are people who feel that racism is a bad thing and the police in Ferguson should end their racist practices against the Blacks. A few of the messages however, show that the police in Ferguson are not racist in their treatment of the black Americans.
The issue of race in the police service is serious because it undermines public safety as the police target the Black Americans in their extra-judicial shootings. In addition, the police also arrest the people from the Black American race unfairly as there is the imagination or euphoria that most of the criminals are from the Black American race. Fergusson’s discussions about policing reveal the general public feeling that the police services in St, Louis (Ferguson) are racially inclined. The public feels that the police do not treat people from different races equally, and the most affected race is the Black American race.
In one of the tweets against Ferguson’s Department of justice, there is the public complaint that states: “Indict, convict, send that killer police to jail.” The tweet shows just how the public feels about policing. The public feels that there is the use of excessive force by the police in Ferguson. The force they use is lethal because it leads to death of their culprits. Secondly, they feel that the killings by police are not fair on the basis of race. They want the police who propagate racial shootings to be jailed for their mistakes, and this shows that the people in Ferguson are seeking justice for the police who commit the racial killings. Michael Brown’s shooting was the major factor behind the contemptuous tweeter messages. There was proof that Michael Brown was not armed. In fact, a video footage shows a white policeman planting a weapon on Michael Brown after shooting him dead. Such are the injustices that the people in the black American race undergo because of the issue of racism in the war against crime. The police cannot justify Brown’s killing if he was not armed. Even Brown was a criminal; it was bad for the policeman to shoot him if he was not armed. Such is misuse of deadly force, which calls for a legal punishment against the policeman as the public laments through the tweets.
The general public feeling in Ferguson is that the police officers are racists and they need to stop treating the blacks racially. A tweeter by Bipartisanism states: “Mugshot for the officer who killed Walter Scott while running away.” The message shows that Ferguson DOJ is not just handling the issue of Brown’s killing but also the killing of Walter Scott. This message shows that in Fergusson, the problem of racism in the police is persistent. Another twitter messages reads: “Secret video released of South Carolina police shooting a man while running away.” This shows that the problem of racism does not just affect Ferguson but it is present in other places too.
Foner (2010) discusses the idea of social construction of racism. Foner’s ideas can help in promoting the understanding of the current challenges that the police in Fergusson are facing; which have led to the public outcry about the need for justice against police who commit killings due to racism. According to Foner (2010), the social construction of racism is not just a factor that affects or determines the extra-judicial killings. The manner in which the police conduct their stops, seizures, and searches in public is also racially inclined as they target the Black Americans more than the white Americans. Foner’s argument is that racism or ethnicity in America is a social construction. The meaning of ethnicity or racism being a social construction means that racism is not a static reality. It changes according to the context of discourse (Foner, 2010). Within the discourse of Ferguson, the police are seen as racists when they discriminate the members of the public on the basis of their races. When the police are seen to arrest more blacks than whites, or when they are seen to target more blacks than whites in their shootings, the killings are termed as racially motivated. In the shooting of Brown, a Black American, the killing is considered racial because the police officer who shoots Brown is a white officer called Daren Wilson. Racism in the police service, therefore, depends on the context. If the officer who shot Brown was his fellow Black American, the community at Ferguson would not have reacted on the basis of racism. However, what strengthens the case as being a racial killing is the fact that there is strong evidence that shows Brown was not armed. It is, therefore, only possible to conclude that Daren targeted Brown on the basis of racial discrimination.
Foner explains that racism is a problem that is rooted in biology. People have biological differences, e.g. in skin color, and such differences make the people think of being different from each other. There is always the dominant racial ideology. In America, for instance, the dominant ideology is that the Black race is inferior to White race. The ideology is surrounded with some stereotypical thinking, e.g. that Blacks commit more crimes than Whites (Foner, 2010). The police in Ferguson tend to manipulate such stereotypes to commit the racial extra-judicial killings against the Blacks who are the perceived criminals. The police wish that they will use such stereotypes to defend themselves should the killings attract the judiciary’s attention.
In Fergusson, there is the feeling that the white race is superior and that it is stamping its authority over the black people in unjust ways. Susteren twitted the following message: “This was a cold-blooded killing of Walter Scott.” Another message from CNN on twitter reads: “Scott’s shooting brought back emotions at Ferguson felt after Michael Brown’s killing.” Duster (2010), while explaining the concept of whiteness, states that it is a social issue that may have little to do with the skin color. Although many people judge race using the aspect of skin color, race is more ideological and psychological (based on thinking) than it is based on the color of the skin (Duster, 2010). However, skin color is, unfortunately, the predominant factor used in racial categorization as it is evident in Ferguson. Some members of the public feel that it is unfair for the police to target the blacks in their arrests and killings. In a tweeter message, a Mr. Mike Rotondo notes: “Heating the beach all day … am gonna tan until I am so black that I belong on Ferguson police line up.” This tweeter message is a reaction to Brown’s killing. Rotondo imagines that the Ferguson police have a lineup of Black people they target in their killings, and he wants to become so black so that he is one of the targets in the police list. Rotondo does not suggest that he wants the police to shoot him. However, he expresses his disgust against the killing of Brown yet he is a member of the white race by his skin color. This tweet proves that racism depends more on the person’s thinking because despite Rotondo being a white, he sympathizes with the fact that the police at Ferguson are not racially fair in their killings that target the Blacks.
There institutions in the society have been composed in such a manner that they create racial bias so that they can maintain the racial inequalities (Howell, 2010). Furthermore, the media plays a vital role in the criminal justice system. According to Wasquant (2010), the role of media in crime is in two-fold. First, the media has the role of reporting crime. Secondly, the media can be the committers of crime, something that attracts the Criminal Justice System to punish the media so that it does its work within the required frameworks. The media can commit crime, for example, through slander or libel. Under these circumstances, the media presents untrue statements that affect the character of the people in the stories (Wasquant, 2010). In the Ferguson killings, it is important to consider that the media used the killing of Brown to expand the idea of race in Fergusson’s policing. The media moved from a specific case to generalize the notion that the police in Ferguson use racism as the determinant of their public service.
The media extended the notion that in Fergusson, the police are so racially inclined against the blacks to the extent that they can kill an innocent person and ‘plant’ fake evidence on him, e.g. a pistol to mislead the Department of Justice that the killing was not racial but based on Brown’s crime. In this perspective, the media played the role of whistle-blowing about the racial injustices in Fergusson’s police department. The racial composition of Fergusson’s police force could be one of the factors explaining such racial treatments. In a situation where the Fergusson police force is predominantly made of white people, it is possible for the police to fail demonstrating racial impartiality in their work by targeting one race more than the other. One of the ways to eliminate such racial treatment against the Blacks in Fergusson is by increasing the representation of the Blacks in both the police force and other agencies.
In a tweet from Ferguson, a tweeter user called Ebony commented that “The people of Ferguson, Mo have elected two more Black officials to their city council.” Another tweet states: “Change in Ferguson continues as election turnout records add two Blacks in the Council.” Such are the attempts that the people of Ferguson are making to deal with the problem of racism in their police force. Increasing diversity and racial equality in democratic representation can reduce the challenge of racial killings (Wasquant, 2010; & Howell, 2010). However, as the people of Ferguson grapple with the challenge of racial killings in the police force, some people try to distance Ferguson from the fact that the police are racially motivated and they target the Blacks in their shootings and arrests.
However, people in Ferguson do not share the same sentiments about the connection between the killings by the police in Ferguson and racism. Some people do not agree that there is racism is a factor in Ferguson’s killings. In a twitter message, a user called Realist states: “The Walter Scott shooting is nothing like Ferguson, no matter how hard DeRay McKesson tries to frame it.” According to Sared and Fernandopulle (2010), people react to racism differently depending on whether it favors their race or not. This why the Realist tries to distance Ferguson’s police from involvement in Walter Scott’s shooting by stating that the shooting di not occur within Ferguson.
From the Twitter message, the user’s disagreement with the association between Scott’s killing and Ferguson police shows that his or her race is one that is implicated. The White people in Ferguson feel that their race is being discriminated unfairly when the media reports that the killings are driven by racism. People always try to protect their race, according to Wasquant (2010). Crystal Fleming, a twitter user from the white race states: “The way NYT (New York Times) framed it, it appears Ferguson activism and calls for police reforms are themselves undermining public trust. Not so.” This twitter message shows how Fleming tries to protect Ferguson’s police and the fact that the calls for police reforms, according to her, do not undermine public trust in the police. The message shows the role that the media in Ferguson plays in formulating public agenda about police service and the need for reforms. From the tweet, the public debate is formulated around the notion that there is a diminishing public trust in Ferguson’s police, an idea that Fleming disagrees with.
In conclusion, racism is a factor that affects police service in Ferguson. There is a growing public opinion that the police in Ferguson are using racism negatively to cause extra-judicial killings against the Black Americans. The killing of Brown, a black person who was not armed, shows how the police in Ferguson are racial in their dealing with crime. Race not only causes the extra-judicial killing of innocent blacks. It also leads to unfair practices by the police while performing public inspections and arrests. Through Twitter, the killings and unfair practices by the police have attracted mixed reactions that are also racially inclined. Some members of the public feel that there is need for the Criminal Justice Department at Fergusson to intervene and commit the racial police to jail. Other, however, feel that some of the killings have nothing to do with racism or Fergusson’s police involvement in the killings. Also, there are members of the public who feel that the media is miss-representing the issue of racism in the police department. The reactions and messages on Twitter also show that the Black Americans in Ferguson have increased their representation in the City Council, and such interventions might solve the problem of race in police service. Ferguson can solve the problem of race in its police service by creating equal chances for Blacks and Whites in the police force. The police also need proper training against racism in their services.

In this essay, you will be developing an analysis of a social trend, movement, or fad. You aren’t focusing simply on texts this time; rather, you’ll be projecting your analytical lens onto society. Many of the methods used in previous analysis assignments will still be helpful, though the particular tools might be different.

In your essay, you will use at least seven sources to examine the movement you have chosen, of which at least four need to be scholarly sources. Your scholarly sources can provide background about your subject, perform some analysis of the movement you’re studying, give some sort of critical understanding of the movement or society at large, or serve some other purpose entirely. The movement, trend, or fad you choose to examine is wide open in regard to
•Culture/Nation/Society (feel free to explore any population or subset of a population)
•Time period
•Scale (Anything from Tamagotchi pets to colonial revolution)

The only requirement for your subject is that it needs to have taken place over a set period of time with a reasonably obvious beginning and a reasonably obvious (or foreseeable) ending. For example, while you might look at a particular political movement in the US, you won’t look at democracy as a trend or movement, since that’s the standard operating mode of the nation with no foreseeable end in sight. Similarly, while you might look at Deism as a trend, you won’t look at Christianity, Islam, or any other major religion for the same reasons.

You’ll be analyzing the societal factors (sociological, psychological, economic, popular, media, etc.) that initiated, impacted, influenced, and/or limited the movement, trend, or fad; the impact it had on the society, within a particular segment and/or at-large; the manner(s) in which it manifested and spread; and any other features that might be of interest to your analysis. You’ll also develop a thesis that incorporates your analysis and advances an argument about the implications of the social trend, movement, or fad as a whole.

Unlike the last assignment, there will be a few different phases to this assignment. In addition to the multiple drafts that we did in the last paper, you’ll first be tasked with writing a 250-word (about a page) proposal that outlines what you intend to examine, why you chose that subject, why you think it’s a reasonable topic to cover, and what you hope to learn through your research. Next, you’ll create an annotated bibliography (using MLA style) for at least five of your sources. We’ll cover in class how to do this.

The sources you may use will come from your own research. You’re free to use sources from this course or your anchor course, and you’re strongly encouraged to utilize the library’s resources to your best advantage.