Background
The research study aims at; illustrating corruption in Canada, the effects of corruption on the Canadian general economy, and the mechanisms that are put in place by key stakeholders in addressing corruption in Canada. The Corruption Perceptions Index positions Canada among the 10 least corrupt countries internationally. But in recent years the levels of corruption is slowly rising, and thus presents increasing problem to the government, private sector, and also the nongovernmental organizations in Canada. The World Bank in 2013 prevented SNC Lavalin and subsidiaries, from engaging in its project bidding activities due to its corruption policies.SNC Lavin was blacklisted by the World Bank as a result of the effects of the Padma Bridge Scandal. Canada ranks at the lowest level of the bribery fighting index. This is because it has minimal or non-existent anti-bribery mechanisms. Ernst & Young conducted a survey study in 2014 regarding corruption in Canada. The results indicated that 30% of the corporate executives in Canada believe that corruption is widespread. The Graduate School of Public Policy in 2014, also conducted a research study that illustrates majority of Canadians believe that politicians and government institutions are majorly corrupt (Mark, 2013).
The research process is effectively guided through research questions and hypothesis. There are three research questions that will be addressed by the study. The questions are:
1. What is the level of corruptions in Canada?
2. What is the effect of corruption on the general Canadian economy?
3. What are the measures that are being put in place by relevant Canadian authorities in hindering or minimizing corruption?
The research hypothesis as applicable in the study illustrates the likely issues or scenarios involving corruption in Canada. Three hypotheses are applicable to this study, and they are:
1. The level of corruption in Canada continuously increases.
2. Corruption slows down the economic activities in Canada.
3. The Canadian government is putting in place adequate measures and laws to combat corruption.
The hypotheses are critical in guiding the research process towards answering the research questions. The research goal thus integrates aspects of both research question and research hypothesis. The goal of the research is to determine the level, effects and preventive strategies concerning corruption, with a focus on Canada. Corruption in the Canadian region of Ontario is presenting major challenges to the government, business organizations, non-profit organizations and also the civil service. Examples of corruption cases experienced by the Ontario Liberal government are; Ornge Scandal, eHealth Scandal and the Ontario power plant corruption scandal. These major cases have adversely mentioned the leadership of the governing party, including Dalton McGuinty who is a former premier. The leaders of the Ontario Provincial Police Association top leadership has also be negatively named in relation to official corruption. For example, Jim Christies were found to have committed corruption, financial fraud and money laundering activities (Johnston & Ornstein, 1985).
Quebec is the Canadian region that has the highest corruption levels. The Charbonneau Commission was formed with the main objective of investigating corruption in the Quebec province. The commission found evidence on widespread corruption; for instance, price-fixing schemes practiced by the construction companies who bid for municipal tenders. The commission also identified unlawful donations to political parties that are dominant in the region by the biggest engineering companies. Evidence was also found on the connection between the FTQ union federation and the organized crime members. In 2015, the staffs of IBM and Revenue Quebec were legally charge for committing fraud and breach of trust, when implementing contracts on the government computer networks. The Aboriginal communities in Canada are also greatly affected by corruption. The corruptions among the Aboriginal communities are majorly in the areas of; election of officials, and also the management of allocated resource reserves (Armina, 2013).
Methodology
The research conducted is quantitative. This is because it applies numerical data collection, analysis and presentation. The quantitative research is conducted through five key stages. The first stage involves measuring providing a background of the research study (Hunter & Leahey, 2012). The background has been clearly illustrated by the research goal, which entails determination of the corruption effects in Canada and the determination of appropriate preventive strategies. The research methodology entails the procedures for data collection, analysis, presentation and stages. These stages are adequately illustrated in the research. The results level provides the findings generated from the research process. These findings provide adequate insight into the effects of corruption in Canada and the adopted measures used to address the situation. The discussion explains the theoretical perspective to the corruption issue in Canada. Finally, the last research stage is conclusion. Conclusion illustrates a summary or brief overview of the measures adopted by Canadian authorities in addressing the corruption and related crime issues (The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2011).
The research process utilized respondents from five key economic sectors in Canada. These sectors are; insurance, health, law enforcement, tax and non-profit sector. The economic sectors are negatively affected by corruption, and thus are very critical in the research analysis process. A total of one thousand respondents were contacted in the study; 200 respondents from each sector. The gender of the respondents was representative. The research team assured that 500 respondents were from each gender. The research team ensured adequate ethics, through observing anonymity of the respondents by using initials of name and also maintaining the confidentiality of the data collected. The respondents were told that the research will only be used for academic purposes (Hunter & Leahey, 2012). The respondents were contacted through the professional social media networks that majority of professionals belong to. The professional groups across the studies sectors are active in three social network sites; Facebook, twitter and LinkedIn.
The data collection team applied was the questionnaire. The questionnaire was in electronic format, and its link was provided on the professional pages in the three social media networks. The format if the questionnaire was very simple, and the English used was very basic. The respondents were supposed to just click and illustrate their answer choice. The online questionnaire is very effective and efficient. This is because it is less formal, and ensures easy collection, storage and retrieval of data from the internet database. The electronic questionnaire is very cost effective because internet access in Canada is very high, and the internet is free in most public institution like companies and learning centers or very affordable (The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2011). The research was conducted for a total duration of one month; from March 1, 2015 to March 31, 2015. The research duration is thus very adequate. The sampling applicable to the research process is automated or computer generated. Thus a computer program effectively identifies respondents in the study based on the keyed in respondent profiles.
The research utilizes two statistical measures. The measures are; measures of central tendency and measures of variability. The measures of central tendency applied for analysis is the mean. The measure for variability that was used in the research analysis is range (Hunter & Leahey, 2012). The charts that present the data were generated using percentages measures. The computer spreadsheet software (Microsoft Excel) was used to generate the chart data. The statistical measure are very useful is providing summary data that explains the entire research process and outcome. The collected data is analyzed in terms of three broad categories. The categories are corruption level in Canada, the corruption effects in Canada, and the effectiveness of the preventive measures (Johnston & Ornstein, 1985). The level of corruption question was structure. The respondents were only required to click is the level is high or low. The corruption effects question was also structured. The online respondent was just required to click if the effect is positive or negative. Question in the preventive measure was also structured. The respondent was just required to click whether the measure addressing corruption as adopted by the relevant agencies are adequate or alternatively, insufficient.
Results
The results from the study adequately describe the corruption issues as experienced in the five economic sectors. The result table is illustrated below. According to the research table, the level of corruption is highest in the tax sector of the Canadian economy. The high level of corruption in tax issues, can only explain that many individuals and corporations try to falsify tax records. The tax records are in some cases falsified through the assistance of the officers from government tax agencies (Johnston & Ornstein, 1985). 821 respondents illustrated that the sector has experiences highest corruption activities. Majority of the respondents explained that corruption majorly has negative impacts to the Canadian economy. The law enforcement sector has the highest number of respondents, 967, who explain the corruption negatively affects the Canadian economy and society. Corruption benefits only a few members of the society will a lot of ill-gotten wealth. Majority of the respondents illustrated that government agencies are not adoptive adequate measures of hindering and minimizing corruption in Canada. The members of the law enforcement strongly illustrate that the preventive measure are not adequate, especially in the area of legislations and political goodwill
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