Academic research activities have been conducted on the prisoner reentry systems. The research activities have mainly focused on program evaluation and also experimental design; instead of greater analysis in the race and gender relations issues, and even economic changes. Greater analysis of the prisoner reentry issues provides comprehensive analysis of the challenges that are experienced by the highly marginalized groups of former prisoners that are currently being subjected to the reentry programs. This paper illustrates the sociology involving the punishment agenda and the prisoner reentry program. The paper illustrates that the long neglected aspects of the subaltern populations in the United States over the years, should form a key aspect of the prisoner reentry research. The paper explains the various literary materials that describe the theoretical aspects to manage the reentry research process. The reentry agenda entails three major components. First, prison reentry is considered a neoliberal punishment. Second, prisoner reentry entails peculiar institutions. Third, prisoner reentry illustrates criminological scientism (Rebecca, 2008).
The significant decrease of the entry level jobs meant for underclass males, and also the reduced social capital owned by the impoverished families in the high crime neighborhoods, illustrates that the prison system has inadequate social support. Family support, work and social welfare, are the programs through which the ex-prisoners were integrated back into the society in a mainstreaming approach. Due to the reduction in the resources supply, imprisonment has continued to be a challenging task with minimal hope of resorting back to the unsupervised freedom issue. The prison system operates like the pre-modern sanctions in areas of transport and maybe banishment. The prison system presently operates like an exile approach; through minimal rehabilitation efforts, instead of eliminative efforts (Blake, 2006).
During the 1990s, Janet Reno (Attorney general of United States during that period) tasked Jeremy Travis to formulate legal strategies that effectively assist the continuously expanding inmate numbers, who are being released from the prisons systems. Travis was the officer in charge of the National Institute of Justice. After completing the long prison durations, Reno explained that the rapidly increasing prisoner population showed that the newly released inmates were brought back to the prison system almost immediately. Prison research illustrates that an average of 68% of prisoners that were released from prison during the 1990s were shortly rearrested within three years. Within the first five years, more than 50% of the released prisoners were rearrested again. Research evidence also explains that the small offender population which becomes successful after the prison release succeeds because of several issues that are beyond the control of the formal prison and justice system. The successes issues include; effective family support, secure housing, adequate access to healthcare, and ignoring the ex-convict stereotype or tag. Stephen Richards, a Professor and former prisoner explains the structural challenges to the realization of high success levels for the released prisoners. He based his research study on one prison system; the Iowa state prison. The conducted study explains the key issues that are faced by mostly the newly released prisoners. The issues include; housing discrimination, high unemployment levels, also the extreme poverty that the released convicts are subjected to (David, 2011).
The prison system in America is enhancing growth through the enhancement of its institutional failures, and not adequately preparing the inmates for release to the outside world. The prison system resembles the revolving door which transfers the prisoners for one custody level to another, probation to prison, from prison to parole, and alternatively from parole back to the prison. The prison state system of Iowa is expanding due to the existing institutional failures. During the 1990s, it become evident that the significant reentry system was required in assisting the former inmates to maintain resources that the criminologists believe are very significant the success of inmate during the latter stages of life. However, the inmate reentry movement has only shown limited progress. This illustration is shared by even the key figures of the inmate reentry process. As from 1980 to 2000, the prison facilities significantly improved by approximately 70%.in the same period, the number of prisoners also greatly improved approximately four times (Rebecca, 2008).
The federal and state governments are responsible for the process of providing resources, utilized during the judicial and correctional bureaucracies in the rapidly increasing justice systems. Around 98% of inmates in United States are ultimately released. But the high and increasing rates of incarceration, has develop continuous surge in the institutionalized returning inmates completing the lengthy prison terms. Presently, thousands of prisoners annually are released from prisons. The majority usually end back to the poor and dangerous communities that they initially came from. The criminology research analyzes the high incarceration efforts during the last 30 years. This is especially so because it adheres to the greater dismantling and improvements of the American prison system. Several explanations concerning the increasing incarceration illustrate minimal influences by the rising levels of crime. Therefore, adequate analysis of the economic and social aspects of the society is great ways of analyzing the continuously changing punishment dynamics (David, 2011).
The punishment sociology describes the penalty dynamics beyond the specific sanctions faced by the offenders, to concentrate on the broader aspects of punishment and the continuous changes in the penal philosophy. The psychological analysis of punishment is not only about actions of the inmates, but also concerning the analysis of the social factors that affect philosophies and punishment approaches. Punishment and crime is also analyzed in term s of the insecurity and welfare issues that entails societal class relations. The present academic researches show that the hyper incarceration of generally unemployed, minority or impoverished individuals, illustrate the change in the entire penal code legislations on the concept of urban poverty.
In the present American society the huge proportion of unemployment levels among the African Americans, especially of male gender, has increased the hyper incarceration of Americans from the informal settlements. Incarceration is viewed by certain scholars as the approach to replace the social welfare concept as the main way of dealing with unemployment. This paper illustrates that the academic researches of the concepts of prisoner reentry is relatively shallow. The criminologist must strive to concentrate more beyond the applied research concept, to the extra focus on the concepts of sociological change that affects the experiences of former inmates. The enhanced focus on applied research is very effective in describing the thoughtful processes that affects many other former inmates. The processes include; high poverty levels, ignorance, race discrimination activities, and violence that led to their initial incarceration. Despite approximately two decades entailing the usage of applied research in the reentry programs, minimal research is in place to illustrate effective reentry approaches that suit the characteristics of prisoners, taking into consideration the availability of adequate resources (David, 2011).
The economic, legal and social issues experienced by the ex-offenders have not satisfactorily handled the treatment issues related to experimental research methodology. Majority of the ex-offender who get employment or related reentry services experience chronic violation. They are, therefore, continuously sent back to the legal processes, for insignificant actions such as drinking alcohol and marijuana possession. This is even if there is there is significant qualitative progress illustrated by the ex-inmate. Several major prison programs that deal with the issue of reentry have been stopped or minimized due to the weaknesses in performance issues. The main challenge is that the reentry programs that handle difficult populations like violent offenders will analyzed negatively due to the high levels of recidivism and accusations of public safety threat (Balke, 2006).
Currently, the desire of the ex-prisoners in the community is even greater. The men and women who leave the prison system are inadequately prepared for the reintroduction and also reintegration in the society. The present reentry policies in place are still basic. The reentry concept is currently being developed in accordance to the best practices evidences. It is very important to invest and concentrate on effective evaluations; that will identifying the most appropriate intervention measures. The intervention measures are aimed at enhancing public safety, and also ensuring adequate reintegration in the society. The government should play a key role in developing the new ideas and testing them adequately. The test should especially be conducted on the reentry approaches that ensure effective reintegration of the ex- prisoners.
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