calculate this estimate:
1. Most publicly traded corporations are required to submit 10Q (quarterly) and 10K (annual) reports to the SEC detailing their financial operations over the previous quarter or year, respectively. These corporate filings are available on the SEC website at www.sec.gov. Go to the SEC website, follow the “Search for Company Filings” link and the “Companies & Other Filers” link, enter “Dell Computer,” and search for SEC filings made by Dell. Find the most recent 10Q and 10K and download the forms. Look on the balance sheet to find the book value of debt and the book value of equity. If you look further down the report, you should find a section titled either “Long-Term Debt” or “Long-Term Debt and Interest Rate Risk Management” that will list a breakdown of Dell’s long-term debt.
2. To estimate the cost of equity for Dell, go to finance.yahoo.com and enter the ticker symbol “DELL.” Follow the various links to find answers to the following questions:
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What is the most recent stock price listed for Dell? What is the market value of equity, or market capitalization? How many shares of stock does Dell have outstanding? What is the beta for Dell? Now go back to finance.yahoo.com and follow the “Bonds” link. What is the yield on 3-month Treasury bills? Using a 7 percent market risk premium, what is the cost of equity for Dell using the CAPM?
3. Go to www.reuters.com and find the list of competitors in the industry. Find the beta for each of these competitors, and then calculate the industry average beta. Using the industry average beta, what is the cost of equity? Does it matter if you use the beta for Dell or the beta for the industry in this case?
4. You now need to calculate the cost of debt for Dell. Go to cxa.marketwatch.com/finra/BondCenter/Default.aspx, enter Dell as the company, and find the yield to maturity for each of Dell’s bonds. What is the weighted average cost of debt for Dell using the book value weights and the market value weights? Does it make a difference in this case if you use book value weights or market value weights?
5. You now have all the necessary information to calculate the weighted average cost of capital for Dell. Calculate the weighted average cost of capital for Dell using book value weights and market value weights assuming Dell has a 35 percent marginal tax rate. Which cost of capital number is more relevant?
6. You used Dell as a representative company to estimate the cost of capital for GCI. What are some of the potential problems with this approach in this situation? What improvements might you suggest?
1John R. Graham and Campbell R. Harvey, “The Theory and Practice of Corporate Finance: Evidence from the Field,” Journal of Financial Economics (2001), report in their Table 3 that 73.49 percent of the companies in their sample use the CAPM for capital budgeting.
2Another approach is to select a U.S. Treasury security whose maturity matches the maturity of a particular project. The match would need to be exactly correct because while U.S. Treasury securities are probably close to default-free, they have interest rate risk (and so longer term U.S. Treasury securities are not necessarily risk free). Our approach attempts to separate the default risk and interest rate risk elements. In practice both approaches can be used.
3For example, see Jay Ritter, “The Biggest Mistakes We Teach,” Journal of Financial Research (Summer 2002); Eugene Fama and Kenneth French, “The Equity Premium,” Journal of Finance (2002); and R. Jagannathan, E. R. McGrattan, and A. Scherbina, “The Declining U.S. Equity Premium,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review (2000).
4More precisely, we can say that the beta coefficients over the four periods are not statistically different from each other.
5Actually, one should adjust for leverage before averaging betas, though not much is gained unless leverage ratios differ significantly. Adjustment for leverage will be discussed in later chapters.
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