t-test
This test is highly important in the determination of the significant differences of ADD- like behavior score for people of the male and female gender. The null and alternative hypotheses are:
H0: ?1 – ?2= 0
H0: ?1- ?2 0
is the mean male with ADD- like behavior score
is the mean female with ADD- like behavior score
In order to test the hypothesis above, three assumptions were made and these are:
(a) each data point is independent.
(b) the sample is normally distributed
(c) The level of significance is 5 %
If t cal >t crit (1.66) reject Ho
If t cal ? tcrit (1.66) do not reject Ho
The following is the SPSS output for the ADD- like behavior score for female and male
From the SPSS output of the data, the ADD- like behavior score has a t -test calculated value of 5.192 with degree of freedom of 214 and a mean difference of 6.9945. The 95% confidence interval for the difference in means was 4.3389 to 9.6502 points. Based on the assumption that the variances are equal, we reject H0 since t calc > t crit (5.192 > 1.66).
Assuming that variances are not equal, the SPSS output of the data ADD- like behavior score has a t -test calculated of 5.203 with a degree of freedom of 210 and a mean difference of 6.9945. The 95% confidence interval for the difference in means was 4.3443 to 9.6448 points. We assume that,
If t calc > t crit (5.192 > 1.66), we reject H0. For equal variances
And if t calc > t crit (5.203 > 1.66), we reject H0. For unequal variances
Therefore, it can be concluded that there is sufficient sample evidence at the 5% level of significance to suggest that the ADD-like behavior score means for people of the male and female genders are not equal. The results of this test found that the male and female gender have a difference in ADD- like behavior scores and the difference does not matter whether we assume equal variances or not.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is used to ascertain whether the mean of ADD-like behavior score for the people of the male gender is equal to the people of the female gender. The hypothesis will be as follows;
H0: ?1 = ?2
Ha: At least one of the means is different from the others
?_1 is the mean male with ADD- like behavior score
?_2 is the mean female with ADD- like behavior score
In order to test the hypothesis above, three assumptions were made and these include:
(a) data of the sample is independent
(b) the sample is normally distributed
(c) The level of significance is 5 %
Reject H0 if F calc > F crit (1.35)
Do not reject H0 if F calc ? F crit(1.35)
From the ANOVA analysis performed above, it is clear that the F calculated is 26.953. Comparing this value (1) with the value provided in the table, it can be observed that there is a difference between both values. From the provided table, the value of ANOVA F is 1.35 that is less than the value of the calculated value.
Since F calc > F crit (26.953 > 1.35), Thus the null hypothesis is rejected; there are differences in ADD- like behavior score of males from that of females.
Therefore, it can be concluded that there is sufficient sample evidence at the 5% level of significance to suggest that the means are different from each other. This means that the ADD- like behavior score for males from that of females is different and not the same
Correlations
The question to be examined is �If there are relationships between ADD – like behavior score and repeated grade, dropped out of high school, and social Adjustment problems in the 9th grade?� The hypotheses tested were: H0: ? = 0
H1: ? ? 0. ? is the Pearson correlation
In order to test the hypothesis above, three assumptions were made and these include:
(a) data of the sample is independent
(b) the sample is normally distributed
(c) The level of significance is 5 %
Reject H0 if -1 < ? <1
Do not reject H0 if ?= 0
From the correlation analysis using SPSS as shown above, the Pearson correlation for ADD – like behavior score and repeated grade is 0.269 while ADD – like behavior score and dropped out of high school is 0.248. The Pearson correlation for ADD – like behavior score and social Adjustment problems in the 9th grade is 0.337.
Since -1 < ? < 1, Thus the null hypothesis is rejected; there are relationships between ADD – like behavior score and repeated grade, dropped out of high school, and social adjustment problems in the 9th grade. From the Pearson correlation above, it can be inferred that there is a positive relationship between them and the relationship between ADD – like behavior score and social Adjustment problems in the 9th grade was strong as compared to the other variables used in this case.
Therefore, it can be concluded that there is sufficient sample evidence at the 5% and 1% level of significance that suggests that there is a positive relationship between variables. The strength of the relationship was found to be 26.9% of the variance in ADD – like behavior score and repeated grade is 0.269. The strength of the relationship was 24.8% of the variance in ADD – like behavior score and dropped out of high school and the strength of the relationship was 33.7% of the variance in ADD – like behavior score and social adjustment problems in the 9th grade.
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