1-
archival data might be acquired from 3 different locations that are the following:
1-records: such as absentee, sick leave or vacation record; sales records; employee figures …etc
2-documents: training manuals and materials; evaluation plans; and job aids …etc
3- Existing databases: census data, department of labor data; vital statistics as birth, death, marriage, divorce …etc
Some advantages of archival data are:
– are easily collectable. reviewing records and documents and using databases doesn’t require participants to do anything different.
– May provide quantitative data. Records, document, and databases can provide data for evaluation questions that focus on quantity or frequency.
-Allow for the creation of new variables and scales.
Some disadvantages of archival data are:
-Aggregation. Records may be too aggregated to provide useful data.
-Changes over time. Definitions of terms and variables or data collection methods may have changed over time.
-Time consuming. if there are many documents to review, the task can be tedious and costly in term of time.
2-
observation can be a useful method for addressing evaluation questions concerning an employee’s or group’s behavior or actions before, during,or after a training program or other organization initiatives.Observing people and environments is particularly helpful in studying processes, relationships among people, and the context of certain events and environments. In addition, observation data can provide important information for answering specific evaluation questions for many kinds of evaluations.
3-
There are several choices to be made when considering how to collect and record observation data. one can need qualitative observations, and where qualitative data are required, the evaluators simply writes down detailed information in the form of a narrative as they are observing. the purpose of qualitative observations is to describe. while the interpretations of observations are left to the data analysis phase.
another choice to use for the observation methods is the video recording of someone’s performance to collect that kind of data. the evaluator positions a video camera to record the individual’s actions.
a third technique used for collecting observation methods is the use of still photographs. here the evaluator may decide to take photographs of the organization’s environment, the employee’s workspace, employees performing some tasks or interactions among employees.
The fourth method that can be used for that is the use of checklist or rating form. the evaluator develops a list of questions or items that will guide the observation.
4 while responding to a likert scale, some people feel compelled to put a mark somewhere in between numbers on the scale, for example between the 2 and the 3. this scale allows the responses of varying degrees to each specific survey item. it is important to provide these descriptions so that the respondents can provide their opinion or feeling about something, depending on the question, some people are neutral about certain matters and therefore cannot express their opinion about something this is why the midpoint can be used for 1-5 scales.
5-
some of the steps that evaluators need to follow when constructing a survey are the following:
1- use a variety of sources for possible items, such as available reports, correspondence, and previous surveys.
2- Use potential respondents language rather that one’s own
3- Try to avoid using “and/or” in an item. if you use one of these words, you may be asking two questions at the same time.
4- try to include three or four items to measure the same variable
5- Include instructions when needed to make it easier for the respondents to understand the question
6- conduct a pilot test with a group similar to the potential participants.
6-
advantages of conducting focus group interviews:
1- focus group interviews provide more in depth information that other methods.
2- focus group interviews allow the interviewer to make a personal connection with the interviewee which might enhance the quality and quantity of the data provided.
3- focus group interviews can can uncover unexpected information
4- the interviewer knows who the interviewees are and this can ensure greater participation
disadvantages of conducting focus group interviews:
1- focus group interviews can be relatively expensive methods of data collection compared with a mail survey
2- qualitative data collected from interview will take longer to transcribe and analyze than survey, checklist or test data
3- can be hard to schedule. even when a schedule has been set, the interviewee may not be available and the interview time may need to be rescheduled
4- some groups within an organization such us executives may refuse to participate in a focus group interview.
⦁ Question 7
Selected Answer: there are three types of approaches to be used when crafting interview questions:
1- Unstructured approach: you develop one or two questions to guide the interview, but the interview resembles more of a conversation that meanders through search and topics of interest to the interviewee. it can appropriate when all interview questions are not known and preliminary conversations will help identify the most critical or pertinent issues.
2-semistructured approach: where the interviewer develops a set of questions to guide the interview process in a consistent manner with all interviewees.
3-structured approach: this method is often used for telephone interviews, where the interviewer asks each question in the exact order listen on the interview guide of all interviewees.
⦁ Question 8
Selected Answer: there are several guidelines one need to take in order to select interviewers for focus groups or individual interviews. The interviewer should be able to identify any language or cultural barriers in advance and prepare alternative approaches to reducing those barriers. He should also dress formally for individual or focus group interviews for him to show some respects to the participants. in addition, the interviewer should be careful not to communicate information to interviewees that would bias their responses and should in most cases not express their personal views. on another level, the interviewer should try to develop rapport by using a friendly, relaxed, and non judgmental approach, he should also understand and be sensitive to what is being expressed by the interviewee.
⦁ Question 9
Convenience sampling is used to draw a random sample and is one of the non-probability sampling methods. it is used in cases for selecting members of a population that are most accessible.
on the other hand the purposive sampling which is also a non-probability sampling method is used to select specific individuals because of their position, experience, knowledge or attitude.
⦁ Question 10
sampling is undertaken when it is difficult or not feasible for an evaluator to involve the entire population in the evaluation. reasons for this include time constraint, cost constraint, limited accessibility or when accuracy may be compromised. the findings of the sample can then be generalized to the whole population as it has the same characteristics.
⦁ Question 11
there are several guidelines one need to take in order to select interviewers for focus groups or individual interviews. The interviewer should be able to identify any language or cultural barriers in advance and prepare alternative approaches to reducing those barriers. He should also dress formally for individual or focus group interviews for him to show some respects to the participants. in addition, the interviewer should be careful not to communicate information to interviewees that would bias their responses and should in most cases not express their personal views. on another level, the interviewer should try to develop rapport by using a friendly, relaxed, and non judgmental approach, he should also understand and be sensitive to what is being expressed by the interviewee.
⦁ Question 12
Selected Answer: Quantitative data are data with a numeric form, and it focuses on describing the data, searching for a specifying relationships among variables, predicting relationships among variables, or testing for significant differences among variables. Quantitative are more time consuming and expensive. an example can be percentages for a results or ratio that will be used as a basis for analysis.
The qualitative data on the other hand are more a description of the results or analysis and consist of linking data with theory, creating empirically derived categories and applying coding processes to the qualitative data. these are time consuming and expensive. qualitative examples can be the results of a long answer survey or interviews.
⦁ Question 13
the formula for the cost benefit analysis ratio is the following:
CBR= Program benefits / program costs.
a numerical example where program benefits are $ 500,000 and the program costs are $ 250, 000.
CBR= 500,00/250,000
CBR= 2:1
this means for each dollar spent of the training program the company made 2 dollars of benefits.
⦁ Question 14
: communication and reporting evaluation’s activities and findings are very critical especially when the objective is learning. one of them is to communicate to top management and stakeholders for collaborative decision making about evaluation design and activities, informing those directly involved about specific upcoming evaluation activities, keeping those directly and indirectly informed about progress of the evaluation. communication and reporting to the trainees and their managers is also important, the participants need to know how they did and how they can improve and their manager need to monitor their employees’ performance.
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