Birds are not the only animals in which offspring have special signals that appear to provide information to a parent. Develop an evolutionary analysis of crying by human infants in which you consider the two hypotheses outlined from page 311 to page 316. [Hint: the 2 theories are “competition” and “honest signal.” The 2 theories are clearly distinguished in the last paragraph on pp. 312]. Then employ the following data in evaluating your hypotheses: (1) young infants expend considerable energy when crying; (2) the growth rate for typical infants is highest during the first 3 months of life, with smaller and smaller portions of the energy budget thereafter going to growth as opposed to maintenance; (3) consumption of breast milk peaks at 3 to 4 months of age and then declines; (4) crying peaks at about 6 weeks of age and occurs progressively less often after 3 months of age, except when the child is being weaned; (5) babies who are carried everywhere and nursed on demand (as in traditional societies) cry far less than babies in Western societies; and (6) the high-pitched cries of unhealthy babies are considered especially unpleasant by adult listeners.
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