Briefly describe the analysis this researcher would use to answer his research question (i.e., what would he compare to what.

A researcher wants to investigate whether college students’ knowledge of the negative consequences of the overuse of credit will affect their attitudes about credit use. He plans to recruit one family studies class of 30 students from a local college campus (already enrolled in one class) and measure their attitudes toward credit with an attitude scale. Then, on four successive days, the researcher will teach them four lessons on the consequences of the overuse of credit: wage garnishment, repossession, foreclosure, and bankruptcy. On the fifth day, the researcher will administer an alternate form of the credit attitude scale (one intended to measure the same attitude). Then, he will try to infer whether college students’ knowledge of the negative consequences of the overuse of credit affects their attitudes about credit use.

What is the independent variable and what is the treatment that the researcher will use to manipulate that variable?
The credit usage is an independent variable. The researcher aims at teaching the students to realize the consequences ventured into due to overuse of credit. Therefore, through imparting knowledge and measuring their attitude will tend to manipulate on the credit usage but credit as an independent variable remains to be credit.

What is the dependent variable in this study?
Students’ attitude is a dependent variable. The researcher uses the credit attitude measurement scale to find changes impacted to students by overuse of the credit.

What type of research design is this researcher planning to use? Diagram it.
The researcher plans to use Experimental research design as it uses both the independent and dependent variables. The variablesbecome the inputs and the outputs of the research study in the college.

Independent Condition A influences Dependent
Variable Condition B Variable

State the most likely alternative hypothesis of this researcher.
The alternative hypothesis of the researcher was to prove that students’ knowledge of the adverse consequences of the overuse of credit will affect their attitudes about credit use.

What are the most important threats to the internal validity of the study? (Give an example of each threat in the language of the research problem.)
Theprobeof an instrument used to whether measures accurately or not. For example, the credit attitudes scale.
The use of single sampling method in a college to do the research. For example, the researcher uses a family of 30 students enrolled in the same class in a large population.
What two threats to internal validity are involved in this researcher’s plan to use an alternate form of the credit attitude scale? What is the trade-off?
Poor and inaccurate results might be measured thus a threat to the validity of the study.
Time taken might vary once an alternate form to administer is used and thus cause a threat to the study results in the measurement process.
The trade off in the research study is the usage of the actual credit scale in comparison to the alternate form of measurement as it provides quality feedback and on time results analysis.

Briefly describe the analysis this researcher would use to answer his research question (i.e., what would he compare to what?)
The researcher will examine the student’s knowledge of the consequences of the standard usage of credit with that of overuse before their attitude is affected. In regards to the teaching lessons the researcher would offer to the students aiming at validating the research question. Also, the use of credit attitude scales in comparison with the alternate form of attitude scale measurement to verify his problem in research.

Suppose that instead of the design described, the researcher randomly assigned each of the 30 students to two groups. Suppose he did everything the same as before, except a teacher took one group of students on a field trip each of the four “treatment” days during their family studies class to a local historical site.

What type of research design is he now using? Diagram it.
He is using Randomized Blocked Design i.eStratified random sampling research designthat assigns a given sample into two groups thus research study will be conducted to reduce variance in the data or noise.
Its diagram is seen to have relative homogenous subgroups then implementation of experimental design study. Therefore, the randomized block design will be more efficient in estimates across the entire sample.

Does this design now have a classic “placebo” control group?
Yes, it has a classic placebo since there won’t be a change of behavior in the two different groups randomly assigned in the research study. The researcher will be able to get precise results in the two groups.

Compare and contrast these two research designs’ internal and external validity.
In Experimental research design, there is a total lack of control as compared to the Stratified research design that has subgroup and controlled, hence can secure valid evidence and data required in their treatment as they interact.
The tendency of having errors of misplaced precision on Experimental research due to a tedious collection of data in the sample as compared to the stratified research that has exact subgroup to test.
Both research design needs an instrument that are internally used to verify the results when analyzing and answering the question in a research study.
Both have to use time as a factor in the research study when answering the question at hand.

A research team wants to study the effect of handbag advertising on women’s choice of handbags. They are concerned about the potential effects of the women having any clue before the ads are shown about the content of the study (particularly the treatment). They randomly assign 100 women (19-22 years old) to four groups. They ask two groups of women to choose a handbag from a group of four handbags before the treatment. Two other groups will not be asked initially about their handbag choices. Of the first two groups, one group will be shown a television program containing 40-second handbag ads on one of the handbags and the other group will be shown the program without ads. Of the last two groups, one group will see the program with the ads and the other group without the ads. Then, each woman will be asked to choose a handbag from a set of four possible handbags (including the one in the ads). Then, the researchers will try to infer whether women shown the handbag advertisements choose different handbags from the women not shown the ads (i.e., whether advertising affects women’s choice of handbags).

What is the substantive independent variable in this study?
Handbag ads and the program are the functional Independent variable. It is because they can affect a woman’s choice once put in place among the groups.

What additional (methodological) independent variable is planned?
Another independent variable that is proposed by the research team is women’s clue about the content of thestudy. It can affect the behavior of the women in a way suggesting to modify the actual concentration on what to dwell on so that she can make a choice on the handbag she needs.

What is the dependent variable in this study?
Choice of handbag is a dependent variable. Because a woman a group can only rely on the program and the ads so as to do the selection of thebag she needs.

What research design is this research team planning? Diagram it.
They are planning to use Randomized Experiment research design. It is through the groups that they intend to have their question in a research study. The women cluster in a given age bracket within the four groups so as to provide precise feedback in results intended.

What are the threats to internal validity of this research design?
They include; Events that occurs between the first and second measurement in women’s selection choices can lead to a change of the results of the research of the study. Secondly, the effects of recording the women’s first choice with taking second results of their choosing. It can lead to a lack of precision in the variance of the data.
What is the third (methodological) null hypothesis in this study?

The third null hypothesis is whether the women having a clue about the content of research study will affect the choice of the handbags selected by the women. Therefore, the research study tries to prove that having a clue will eventually change their research study in question, and that is the reason they intend to make them clueless.

(extra credit) Briefly explain how this team would analyze their data to answer their research question and deal with their methodological concern, including the two different possibilities that could occur in the test of the third null hypothesis.
The team will analyze the data in a uniform way as follows:
The groups having watched ads put in one category and the group that did not watch placed in the second group.
To analyze group shown a program and group not shown the program to put on their own.
Finally, Analyze the group shown both the program and ads on their choice of their selection to be analyzed.
In regards to the null hypothesis, the team should try by giving a clue to one group that had not been in the research before and analyzed their data after their research. Therefore, results will be precise and valid avoiding errors to a high degree.
A researcher wants to investigate whether college students’ knowledge of the negative consequences of the overuse of credit will affect their attitudes about credit use. He plans to recruit two professors to help him in his research. One professor of family and consumer sciences is planning a unit of four lessons of credit, such as wage garnishment, repossession, foreclosure, and bankruptcy. The other professor in social studies is teaching a unit about Australia. Each professor’ class has 30 students. At the commencement of the research, the researcher will measure each student’s attitudes toward credit with an attitude scale. Then, each professor will teach her lessons. After that, the researcher will administer an alternate form of the credit attitude scale to each student. Then, he will try to infer whether college students’ knowledge of the negative consequences of the overuse of credit affects their attitudes toward credit use.

What type of research design is this researcher planning to use? Diagram it.
The researcher is planning to use Quasi-Experimental Design. The research design does not involve random assignment and thus involve selecting groups upon testing the variable at hand.

What do you believe is the one most important threat to the internal validity of this study? (Use the specific languages of the problem.)
The most significant threat to the internal validity is the selection of the subject. Both professorswere ought to prepare on the same theme of the research study. They both had to prepare for the four lessons on the credit so that the validity of the variable tested to correspond to the question in aresearch study.

What could this researcher do to address this threat?
The researcher was to provide them with guidelines on the same selection usage of the four-lesson plan. It was to enable the professor with their groups have common tested variable as they dwelt on the same question in the research study but at different locations.

Compare and contrast this design to a previous research design (question #1: h). Which do you believe is the better research design? Why?
Randomized Blocked design uses random assigning of groups while Quasi-Experiment does not use any randomized pre-selection process.
Both research designs use same instrumentation for measuring the attitude of students in their usage of credit. Thus, having a standard technique in testing and analyzing when answering the question in the research study.

I think Randomized Blocked design is the better research as compared to the Quasi-Experiment. Because Randomized study performs a random assigning of the group and once selected, they are analyzed on the same subject selection. There is no ‘favoritism; on which group to be taught some lessons and others to be left out in the essence of theresearch study.

A researcher wants to investigate whether college students’ knowledge of the negative consequences of the overuse of credit will affect their attitudes about credit use. The researcher will select a random sample of 100 college students from a list of all college students at CSUN. He will measure each student’s knowledge of the negative consequences (delinquency, wage garnishment, foreclosure, bankruptcy, etc) of the overuse of credit with a 20-item self-report objective test. At the same time, he will measure each student’s attitudes toward credit with an attitude scale. Then, he will try to infer whether college students’ knowledge of the negative consequences of the overuse of credit affects their attitudes toward credit use. (He wants to infercause-and-effect relationship.)

What type of research design is this researcher planning to use (be precise)? Diagram it.
The researcher plans on using Simple Random research design.

It is the most straightforward design research whereby the method obtains a sample from a population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of selection. Therefore, no grouping is done and no choice of students in CSUN using any given criteria but onlyselecting.

Describe its advantage over other ex post facto designs.
It is easy to find the difference in the results intended since there is measurement before and after the research study. Also, using the research design can make the researcher have precision results in inferring the cause and effect relationship.
Is history a threat to the internal validity of this design? Why or why not?
History is not a threat to the internal validity. It is because the selected sample experienced the same current event in the design research study.

Is maturation a threat to the internal validity of this design? Why or why not?
Maturation is not a threat to internal validity. Because the sample group experienced the same developmental processes while performing the research study.

Is testing a threat to the internal validity of this design? Why or why not?
Yes, testing is a threat. Because once theresearcher records’ the testingat first, itmanipulate the behavior of the students and could alter to newer record in the post-test.

Is instrumentation a threat to the internal validity of this design? Why or why not?
Instrumentation is not a threat to the research study. It is because same measurement method used did not alter the variables tested thus precision in thesupply of records under question in aresearch study.

Is mortality a threat to the internal validity of this design? Why or why not?
Mortality is not a threat to the internal validity of the research study. It is because no drop out of an individual from the sample selected took place thus research study conductedsuccessfully.

What is the most important threat to the internal validity of this study? What could this researcher do to address this threat? Be specific in discussing this in relation to THIS particular study.
Testing is the most significant threat.
The researcher could have tested after performing the research and analysis so as to come up with the exact results on inferring the cause and effect of overuse of the credit. Once the researcher presents pre-testing, the behavior of the students will change and thus post testing results can be affected.

Describe another important threat to the internal validity of this design that is NOT a threat to any previous design we have considered.
Design Contamination is a threat to the internal validity of the research.
It is because the group was now aware of the research study conducted and they are vulnerable to exposure. Thus, wanted it to fail.
Compare and contrast this research design to the research designs in question #1 (note: there are two designs in question #1: c & h) and question #3 in terms of both internal and external validity. Please be organized in this answer.

Comparison and Contrast in Simple random versus Experimental research design in regards to internal and external validity.
Both research designs improve the external validity such as the generalization of the research design.
The experimental research design is more prone to threats in regards to internal validity as compared to the Simple random research design that has variable internal threats.

Comparison and Contrast in Simple random versus Randomized Blocked research design in regards to internal and external validity.
They both have similarity in grouping samples thus threat in regards to internal and external corresponds averagely the same.
Randomized Blocked research design is prone precision and fewerrisks in regards to internal and external validity while simple random research might select asimilar sample of thegroup having similar features thus lowering accuracy of the results.

Comparison and Contrast in Simple random versus Quasi-Experimental research design in regards to internal and external validity.
Thy both have similar technique in addressing the threat of internal and external validity.
Quasi-Experiment research design is more prone to selection risk in the internal validity while Simple Random research design is more prone to testing threat in regards to internal validity.

Which of these four designs do you believe is the best research design? Why?
I believe Randomized Block design is the best research design among the four.
Because of the precision of results it provides and it does not allow more threats to internal validity. Also, allows a researcher to specialize and utilize time on one subgroup for a given a research study.

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