Author: chris

Annotated bibliography

o Option 1:
 Part 1: Annotated Bibliography Students submit an annotated bibliography
relating to negotiation, conflict management, or closely related topic.
Students will be required to find at least 15 academic sources (10 for
MPA students) for their topic and should include the following
information in their annotations:
• summarize the source (chapter, book, article, or the like).
• identify the piece’s argument (or main point)
• rely primarily on your own words and phrasing–use summary and
paraphrase.
• Critically analyze the article by discussing the source’s strengths
and weaknesses. For instance, does the item offer a good
3
introduction to the issue? Does the item deal with a particular
aspect of the issue that is especially relevant to the problem you
plan to address in your proposal? Do you find the piece accessible
or is it geared to a more specialized audience?
• each annotation should be 2-3 paragraphs about a ½ to ¾ page
single-spaced.
 Part 2: Critical Essay Building on your annotated bibliography write an  (6-8 for MPA students) page critical essay on your topic/common
themes.

Option 2:
 Research and analyze  8-10 for MPA students)) a negotiation
related to the public or non-profit sector as reported in the media. There
are an endless number of examples for this option.

Research Proposal Assignment

For this assignment, your task is to design a viable research proposal: you will not have to collect the data for this project however you are required to design a research project that you or someone else could potentially be carry out.

The research proposal should be 10 pages long, double-spaced, 12 point font, not including your bibliography. The bibliography should be A.P.A. format (see the posted University of Washington Guidelines for writing a literature review). The proposal is due on the day of the final exam—both, a hard copy should be submitted in class and an electronic copy should be submitted on the “turn it in” link on Blackboard.

Note: Please do not add a cover page to your proposal–simply put your name, the course name, the professor’s name and the date in the upper left hand corner of the first page, followed by two spaces, then list a title (centered) for your proposal that reflects your research topic. Remember to add page numbers to your proposal.

What to include in your proposal: your proposal should include the follow sections, and you should use the subheadings below at the start of each section. All subheadings should be on the left side, followed by a space.

A good proposal will include sufficient detail and explanation in each section, demonstrating a solid understanding of the components of research design. An excellent proposal will do the above and draw from your accumulated knowledge from lectures, lecture outlines, your notes and the textbook, demonstrating a strong understanding of the components of research design.

1.    Introduction: (section length, about 1 page)

–    The introduction should offer an overview of the general topic you are proposing to examine and include a few relevant facts that are referenced (author, and year). You can also discuss the general questions you are interested in exploring in a few sentences. (For this section, you are encouraged to simply use a few facts and ideas you learned from doing your literature review.)

2.    Literature Review: (section should be 4-6 pages)

–    Here, provide an overview of the studies you’ve read that have already been conducted on your proposed topic. Your literature review should read as a lively discussion of the existing studies (see the literature review assignment, and insert your revised literature review here.) Note: please reference all the articles you discuss in your literature review by simply listing the author and year in parentheses, ie. (Brown, 2007), or (Gomez et al, 2008)–do not include the article title or the journal name here–these latter should be found in your bibliography.

3.    Research Question: (one line)

–    Write out your research question in one sentence (with a question mark at the end!) and underline it.

4.    Significance: (1-2 paragraphs)

–    Here, explain why you are asking the research question you’ve listed above. How will your project contribute to the field of criminal justice? For example, explain how your proposed study fits with the existing studies/literature, or fills a particular gap in the literature, and tell why your question and proposed study are useful and important in light of the other studies that are out there, which you discussed in your literature review. Basically, tell the overall purpose of your study and what you hope to learn more about/generate new knowledge about, and the long term knowledge that will be gained from your study, including the social policy implications of your study (how society and criminal justice system could benefit), should you or someone else collect the data and generate findings.

5.    Methodology (2-4 pages)

–    (If you want, you can repeat your research question here, and also include your hypothesis to be tested, if applicable.)

–    List the primary and your secondary research method you will use for gathering data on your topic (that is, is you will be using more than one methodology to collect your data, list both, but list the main one first.) Be sure to tell what or whom you’ll be observing, surveying, interviewing, setting up an experiment on, or using existing reports for (and if using existing reports, tell which kind–official statistics (on what?), content analysis (of what?), archives (which ones?), etc.). Essentially, be as specific as you can! Also, if you are going to use surveys, tell how many will be administered, to whom, or if you’ll conduct face-to-face interviews, tell which type, how many, for what duration (30 mins. to 1 hour per interview is standard.) If you are using an experimental design to make a comparison or are otherwise testing variables, list the variables and mention your control group/comparison group.

–    Justification: tell or justify why this methodology or combination of methodologies is the most appropriate for your research question, that is, tell you rationale for using this method over others. This section implies that you mention some of the advantages and disadvantages of using particular data gathering methods (ie. some methodologies allow for more in depth information, etc.).

–    Rival Causal Factors, Selection Bias, including “Hawthorne,” “Halo,” or other effects: Here please review your notes and discuss any or a few of the above issues that might apply to your study and could potentially arise during the data-gathering phase of your research project (although you won’t be gathering data this term, of course).

–    Operationalization of concepts or variables: somewhere, mention how you are defining concepts or variables you are working with in order to measure them. For example, if you

are asking if kids from single-parent families tend to be more delinquent than kids from two-parent families, explain what you mean by “delinquent.” Here, you might say, “I will be defining delinquency as truancy, dropping out of school, and engaging in misdemeanors.” The more clearly you define concepts, the easier it will be to conduct your research.

–    Estimated time period of study (how long will it take to collect the data?)

6.    Sampling Method (1 to 1.5 pages)

–    In discussing sampling, basically tell which group of people, things, laws, etc. will you collect data on, and tell how you will draw a “sample” (that is, a smaller study group), from this population. In your discussion for this section, be sure so address the following things below:

–    The overall population or group of things you will draw your sample from (ie U.S. prisons, California youth, Three Strikes laws, etc.)

–    The size of the sample/sample pool (that is, study group) you will be drawing from this larger population for your study.

–    Whether it is a probability or nonprobability sample. Also explain which type of either probability or non-probability sample you will draw (see the four types under each kind of sample in your book/lecture outlines) (And address generalizability, ie. based on your sampling method (probability or nonprobability), could you generalize your findings to a larger population, why or why not?)

–    Justify or rationalize your sampling method (either probability or non-probability) ie. make a case for why the particular sampling method you chose is the most appropriate one for your study. (ie. hard-to-reach populations require one sample method over another.)

7.    Confidentiality: (a short paragraph)

–    If you are using human subjects in your study, how will you a) get their permission to participate in your study, that is, will you have respondents sign a Consent Form?), and b) how will you guard their privacy and protect them from potential physical or psychological harm? (ie. will you change names and identifying information and give a code number to respondents in your notes instead of using their names, store or lock away your results safely?)

8.    Bibliography: (1 page)

–    Use and list only peer-reviewed articles found in scholarly journals. Also, list the references for your literature review using A.P.A. format (see literature review handout). Remember to list your references alphabetically, and to single-space each reference and separate each reference by a space.

Appendix (Optional): include a sample of survey questions asked, interview questions, short overview of experimental design (1 page.) (Note: including an Appendix will not earn you extra points, so only include it if you feel it will help you further visualize your project and would be helpful to you.)

Why Public Smoking Should be Banned

The issue as to whether a smoking ban should or should not be put in place has been very controversial. People who have never smoked have often expressed their desire to have a smoking ban put in place. However, smokers feel that this would be a personal infringement on their personal freedom. Given that smoking is addictive and it is a habit that one does not out rightly decide whether or not to dispense of, it is understandable from the smoker’s side of view why they have avidly put up a spirited defense for smoking especially in public places. A smoker blogger commented on squidoo.com that “It would be constitutionally unjust. There are far worse toxins, and pollutants in our air all day everyday that shorten our life spam from the day we start breathing including body odor, bad breath, etc that we are forced to endure the smells in public”  (tgit23) which serves to illustrate the widespread feelings of the ban’s opponents.

Smoking bans were first put in place in 1590 by Pope Urban VII whereby people were excommunicated if found smoking close to a church. However, this debate has gained momentum in the 20th century after various researchers found the effects of smoking to be detrimental not only to the smoker but also to those around them. California was the first state to issue a ban on smoking in restaurants in 1990. Since then, over thirty four American states have put in place similar anti-smoking laws. In the past, the onset of smoking signified adulthood with this image being propagated by adverts of famed stars. This trend has however been declining in the recent past due to health concerns and various bans in cities that have been instituted. There are various pros in favor of the ban on smoking in public places.

First, health concerns have been constantly raised as to the dangers posed by smoking. The Surgeon General has persistently warned of these dangers as indicated on each pack of cigarettes as to the personal health concerns posed by smoking to the consumer. Further, proponents of this law feel it is being hindered into being by a clique of influential restaurant and bar owners at the expense of the public as detailed in the Hazards magazine, “Internal tobacco industry documents show that tobacco manufacturers have deliberately conspired to prevent bars and restaurants from becoming smoke-free zones, using suspect research and underhand methods to “fool” the hospitality industry into opposing a ban.”

Secondly, studies have shown that smoking is detrimental not only to the smoker but also to those around them thereby putting them at a risk commonly referred to as passive smoking. This is especially the case for ‘unwilling’ smokers as those around them might be termed, in public places like bars, restaurants and around children. The inhalation of secondhand smoke through involuntary smoking has been found to be as injurious to the person’s health as to the actual smoker. Medical experts have found that there are various effects of passive smoking in adults and children. Pickworth state that “the results indicate that, contrary to the belief of many consumers, bidi and additive-free cigarettes deliver substantial amounts of nicotine and other toxic components of tobacco smoke to the passive smoker.” Minor side-effects to passive adult smokers are: sore throat, cough, headache, eye irritations, nausea and infections in the nose and ears. Long-term effects of passive smoking are lung cancer, pneumonia, hypertension, asthma, tuberculosis and bronchitis. Other diseases may not be chiefly caused by passive smoking, but it in effect increases risks are: heart diseases, dementia, brain tumors, renal cell carcinoma and diseases associated with the circulatory system. In children, passive smoking results in even more risky effects since children have a weaker immune system. Cases of bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, allergies and ear, throat and lung infections have been documented. In fetus, passive smoking has been found to cause: Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, premature births, low birth weights and failure in the production of sufficient baby milk by the affected mothers. In view of these facts, public smoking is not only detrimental to the smokers themselves but also to non-smokers, a ban on smoking should be hastily put in place to counter all these effects (Pickworth).

Thirdly, the cost of smoking to the individual and to the expenses incurred by the state due to health problems and loss in productivity has been of concern. In 2008, a pack of cigarettes had a retail price that was ranging from $4 to in excess of $7. Additionally, the Center for Disease Control carried out a study that estimates that each pack of cigarettes smoked leads to an expenditure in each state of as much as $16 on average due to expenditure on health and loss in productivity. Therefore, a ban on smoking would serve to eliminate these costs. A ban would also ensure that these costs are recovered by instituting a levy on cigarettes so as to discourage smoking. This was the case in Texas, whereby it made $1.4 million from cigarette tax revenue (Byrne, pg. 8).

Fourthly, smoke is not only an air pollutant, and should therefore be eliminated, but it also has an unpleasant smell, discolors clothing, decorations in homes and furniture. If a smoking ban is successfully put in place, it would eliminate while saving on these costs associated with filtering and cleaning. Finally, smoking in public encourages children to take up the habit in line with the view that children model the behavior of adults. A ban on smoking shall ensure that lesser children take up smoking since it shall be viewed as wrongful rather than a mature lifestyle.

However, opponents to this law have come up with various arguments against the ban on smoking. Key among them is that a ban on smoking implies an infringement on people’s personal right to freedom. This right, as instituted in the United States Bill of Rights, is contravened by any attempts to limit this personal freedom therefore such a ban should not be put in place owing to the superiority of the constitution.

Secondly, this is a hypocritical approach since other chemicals such as alcohol, preservatives and junk foods have been found to have more detrimental and immediate effects on the consumer. For instance, the recent wave of obesity and coronary and heart problems have been associated with junk foods which various research analyses have shown to be causing more deaths than cigarette smoke. This is widely felt by such opponents to the smoking ban such as Ray who feels that “Smoking / Air Pollution, Is there much difference? Breathing air pollution is like smoking 20 cigarettes a day. Air pollution causes lung cancer, asthma attacks, heart attacks, respiratory problems…. Are we focusing on the tobacco problem too much. How many people are suffering from problems associated with air pollution and the legal drug alcohol?” Further, pollution in the environment and in the air is being caused more by large industries. A mere smoke’s air pollution is negligible when compared to the large amount of toxic wastes released by various unethical global giants.

Thirdly, opponents to the institution of this ban feel that cigarette smoking has been given more attention than due while negating major causes of health problems and mortality. Therefore, this spotlight on tobacco and its classification as a taboo may lead to more smokers since humans love trying what is classified as a taboo in society. This may also lead to youngster taking up smoking behind closed doors as has been the case with substance abuse. Further, smoking withdrawal symptoms by smokers may lead to a decline in their productivity.

Finally, a ban on public smoking will have an adverse effect on the commercial front. Businesses such as the British American Tobacco shall experience lower sales which may lead to loss of jobs and revenue as they downsize to fit into the shrinking market. Also, a significant source of funding to the treasury is the taxes levied on cigarettes which shall be lost with reduced consumption. Further, smoking is more of a lifestyle and people normally visit some social sites such as bars to smoke. Banning smoking in such zones leads to a loss in business for such joints leading to their eventual closure.

In conclusion, all the above cons do not serve as a basis on which a sound argument against the implementation of the ban on smoking can be nullified. In view of the multiple health problems associated with smoking and the expenses incurred, a ban should be put in place so as to reverse this trend.

Management Communication

Effective Listening

Listening has been established as an effective tool when it comes to communication in the field of business today. It is either a passive or an active with active listening being the emphasis in the field of business communication. This gives rise to the styles employed by people in the process of listening. The first one is people-oriented listening. According to Barker (1971), they exhibit a great deal of attachment with other people and the feelings those people have. For this reason they derive their energy from relating with the others and they grow a tendency to get to know their personal lives and use that as a means of understanding them. People-oriented listeners use emotions and empathy in a bid to get their arguments across which makes them tend to be defenseless and they often use this to appeal to emotion. Such a style can be disadvantageous in that one may become too attached to other people’s lives and may be pulled into unhealthy relationships and may expose one to inability to make decisions (Watson & Barker, 1995).

Another listening style is content oriented listening. This style of listening requires that one concentrates in understanding what is being said as opposed to attaching value to who is saying it and how they feel at that moment. People using this style tend to attach more weight to the credibility of the person delivering the message in order to value the content of their message. The disadvantage that such a listener ma encounter is the possibility of missing out on important information when they ignore certain messages because they lack evidence to back them up (Kirtley & Honeycutt (1996).

A third type of listening style is action oriented listening. This type of listeners keeps a constant check of the time. They have well organized schedules throughout the day with time allocate to listening for each. If such time is then over run they tend to loose focus. To keep time they demand for facts that are short and to the point (Dijk & Bryant 2009).

Listening should not be confused with hearing. While hearing involves just the process of taking in sound and requires just having ears, listening means active involvement and is a deliberate and conscious process of understanding sound and attaching meaning to it. A good listener should: keep an eye contact with the speaker, show attentiveness by seeking clarification, exhibits patience by failing to interrupt the speaker, confirms the information, asks questions, controls their emotion, shows response by making bodily movements and signs, gives relative feedback, shows empathy, exhibits care to the speaker, demonstrates interest in the person giving the message personally, avoids criticism and has an open mind (Barker, 2010).

Listening can either be active, critical or empathetic. Active listening calls for identifying the main concept before developing a basic outline of it in the mind. An active listener then attempts to foresee what the next action or result will be while relating the various findings to the real life experiences. He also evaluates the points by comparing and contrasting them. An active listener is known to as ask a lot of questions to the speaker. Critical listening calls for taking time to identify what the speaker’s intents are and his point of view. The idea here is to offer challenge to the ideas of the speaker in a bid to find out what really the truth is and what is fiction. A critical listener knows and appreciates his own biases and puts them into account while offering criticism to the facts. An active speaker concludes by assessing the whole message and forming his own understanding. Empathetic listeners are able to identify their emotional attachments and take time to listen and understand the speaker’s story. They exhibit patience in letting the speaker figure out a solution for themselves (Bell, 2010).

As a speaker it is good to ensure that you have everyone’s ears as u deliver your message. Strategies to ensure that others listen as you talk include: have a confident voice that commands attention, do not take time to deliver that exact point instead make the point quickly, make ample preparation before talking, have the concepts you wish to deliver written down, show flexibility, and vary your sound vocals to suit each point.

 Negotiation

Amidst today’s massive competition and scarcity of resources, a business that establishes itself as a strong player is the one that possesses the proper technique of negotiating and making the process a cooperative affair where both parties benefit in a win-win situation as opposed to gaining advantage over the other party or parties. The process is successful when one or both parties are convinced that there is nothing more to benefit from the terms being agreed upon. Negotiation therefore can be termed as the process by which two or more people or groups exchange their views and interests in a bid to come to an agreed ground position that is comfortable for both parties(Swinton, 2005) .

The need to negotiate in a business setting is brought by factors such as: insufficiency of resources, presence of several groupings and teams in the business environment, diversities in the various aspects in the business working environment globally, and the debating tendencies in the society today. Effective negotiation techniques can help the business and the organization as well as the individuals working realizes some benefits. Good negotiation skills can assist in placing the individual or the business in a better position to control the situation to their advantage. In cases of dispute, negotiation helps solve the issues as opposed to lawsuit or arbitration ending the situation as a win-win affair. Negotiation assists parties arrive at a resolution hence fostering a good rapport and maintaining the relationship and the professionalism. Negotiation helps keeps the stress levels as well as frustrations at minimum while still avoiding chances of conflicts in the long run (Swinton, 2005) .

There are two common strategies when it comes to negotiating or bargaining. These are integrative bargaining strategy and distributive bargaining strategy. Distributive strategy is also called win-loose bargaining which is a competitive strategy mostly used to settle cases where a fixed resource is in question. The more one party gets the less the other one ends up with. Each party therefore tries to secure the portion without putting in mind the relationship thereafter. On the other hand, integrative bargaining strategy calls for the involved parties to join forces and arrive at a win-win situation where the involved parties end up with the maximum benefits. In integrative bargaining, the end result fosters a good relationship which has future possibilities and the results are pleasing to all parties (McNamara, 2003).

The process of negotiation occurs in five stages. The first one is preparation and planning. This step involves defining what you want to gain and the reason for the need. Prepare and establish BATNA and develop an outline and the come up with a strategy. The next step is defining the ground rules. This involves coming up with an agenda and then lay down the best criteria for approaching it. Both parties also clearly state what they should do if a common ground is not realized. Another ground rule is agreeing on what actions are necessary or acceptable and which ones are not. The third stage is clarification and justification. Each party states its motives and interests clearly. To ensure you stand a better chance in the bargain, follow the formulated frame of actions. Aspire to understand the others interests by asking them questions. Ensure you only share the information that supports your argument. The fourth stage involves the real bargaining. The secret here is to maintain your argument on the line of reaching a solution as opposed to concentrating on the people. Let the focus be on the parties interests and not their stands. Once you direct your case forward, do not look back but aim at building on the ground you’ve already gained. Even as you aim at getting the best deal, create allowances that allows for the other party to benefit too i.e. have a “win-win” situation. From the options reached at, pick the best one guided by the principles or the objectives. The fifth and the final stage in negotiation is closure and implementation. This involves stating in spoken words the ground that the parties agreed upon, and then clearly discuss the key points so as to make sure every party is in agreement with the agreed upon position. After everybody understands and agrees, put it in writing and have all parties sign to certify the agreement (Varey, 1996).

Conflict

A conflict in a business situation arises when there are different parties involved in a tussle over differing interests, goals, views or methods to solve issues. A conflict is brought about by the feeling that a certain party is blocking ones attempt to achieve a certain goal. A conflict may be considered as a normal or essential thing in an organization depending on the view. It is the duty of the management then to keep the conflict levels at minimum by managing it. Conflict management is important because there is need to identify if the conflict is positive or negative. A positive conflict is constructive and fosters important solutions to be formulated which brings out creativity and inventive problem solving decision and which assist in the long term. Positive conflict results in situations that favor cohesive co-existence of co-workers and the general operations in an organization. Negative conflict is a term used to refer to a conflict that results in undesired tendencies in the organization for instance if the conflict wasn’t resolved fully and so the involved parties are angered and there are possibilities of frequent clashes, nobody is held responsible for the conflict and in long run there is inefficiency in the organization. Conflict in an organization emanates from scarcity of resources, differing objectives and views, breakdown in communication, clashes in beliefs and views, and varying methods of approach.

In an organization setting, managers apply different strategies to manage the conflict levels. Some managers just down play the conflict, sit back ad lets it happen. Some decide to listen to the demands of the conflict and accommodate them as they are. Another strategy to resolve the conflict is by agreeing to shift grounds and negotiate to the best acceptable solution. Some conflicts are also best managed by competing while others call for collaborating (Marques, 2010).

Apart from managing conflicts that have already erupted, it is important for a manager to work towards preventing the conflict from happening. This is done by using certain strategies to prevent conflict. A manager might decide to work on team-building amongst the employees. If the conflict is brought by differences amongst the workers, the best strategy would be offering training on diversity. This helps the employees to understand themselves and how they form the prejudice and stereotypes. Their individual strengths are maximized by being put into proper use in the organization processes. Another strategy to prevent conflict is having open communication. This is done by organizing regular meeting with the employees where they are allowed to air their issues. The employees could also be allowed to provide feedback to the management which assists in understanding the issues they may have.

Another strategy is subjecting the staff to conflict management training. Here they are taught the ways and means to handle conflict when it arises and advocating or solving it constructively to avoid unnecessary tussles. Resource allocation is another way to avert conflict. Here the management devices new criteria for distributing the available resources and acquiring more resources. Let the process of allocation available resources be fair and transparent and display professionalism in the process by involving key players (Quirke, 1996).

Recruiting, Selecting and Placing in the Medical Industry

Executive summary

The following paper is a research paper based on the experiences at TEMC hospital which has been facing problems in terms of high staff turn over as well as failing to attract the best staff qualified to fill in the vacant positions i.e. doctors and other medical practitioners. The report looks at the possible reasons for failure in the area of RSP and proceeds to explain various ways in which their efforts could be improved. The report then proceeds provides a comprehensive step-by-step procedure for recruiting selecting and placing employees while emphasizing on methods of identifying the best candidates and making sure that the selected candidates fit in well in the hospital operations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.0              Introduction

Purpose and aim

The purpose of this report is to explore the various areas in which TEMC medical center fails in their bid to recruit, select and place new employees as well as explore the possible reasons for the high staff turnover in the medical center, and provide a possible effective criteri for conducting RSP

Scope and plan

            In trying to find a solution of the failure in the RSP efforts at TEMC hospital, this report looks at the possible factors that could have lead to the problem and then goes further to explain the best practices in handling the RSP process to try and eliminate the problems encountered. The report does not go into the details of what specific qualities or the particular questions that seek to determine the best qualified medical personnel in the selection process.

Method used

The report is theoretical in nature and is a research conducted with the findings being based on various publications on the area recruitment, selection and placing in human resource. The knowledge is then applied in the case scenario of a hospital setting to suit the situation at TEMC hospital.

 

Assumptions and limitations

The assumption is that the process of employee recruitment and selection is similar in a majority of the organization and therefore TEMC medical center is in this report looked at as an organization seeking to improve their operations by addressing the quality of staff they hire. The research is limited by the fact that not many articles are published specifically addressing the area of human resource in a medical care center setting. Another assumption is that TEMC has been totally failing in all their RSP efforts hence the recommendations and discussion seeks to address all the areas in RSP.

Background information

‘Top End Medical Care’ (TEMC), a medical center located in the furthest west end of Australia has been struggling to improve their operations but their efforts have been met with failure caused particularly by poor human resource. The hospital deals with a wide range of medical practice and in the growing competition they wish to improve their services by hiring the best qualified and experienced doctors and other medical practitioners.

2.0       Discussion

2.1       Environmental and organizational issues affecting TEMC’s RSP efforts.

Efforts to recruit and select the most qualified doctors and medical practitioners have not born the expected fruits. This is seen in the few number of applications handed in response to the advertised vacancies and the fact that only recent graduates apply and not the respondents with experience as well as the high rate of employee turn over. Several reasons could be the cause for the TEMC’s failure in the area of RSP.

Political influences in the organizations operations and policies could be a major influence in the RSP process. In the area of recruitment for example, the government regulations state that any form of discrimination in hiring employees basing it on variables such as gender, disability or even the marital status is punishable in the court of law. Following these rules to the letter limits the scope of specification that TEMC can include in their bid to attract the best applicants (Gupta, 2007).

According to Hardy (2002), a factor that could influence these efforts is lack of enough finances to dedicate to the process of RSP. This could result in ineffective methods of advertising the vacancies. In order to attract the candidates who are best qualified and with experience, the advert should placed in a reputable media and should be allocated ample space to catch the attention and imply seriousness in the caliber of the invited applicants. The advertisement should also be placed on several media, a point that TEMC probably misses by concentrating on one media, so as to improve its awareness and hence increase the number of applicants in the position. (Synergyst, 2007).

A small number of respondents to the vacancy advertisement at TEMC could also be resulting from the social related factors. One such factor could be there is a tradition of high employee turn over. It has become a routine for medical practitioners working for TEMC to result in resigning and moving to other organizations. This being a well understood and known occurrence, it may result in candidates not wanting to apply or work for the medical center which explains the low number of applications turned in. As a result of this culture, employees working for TEMC have also accepted it as ‘normal’ to leave TEMC. This could be a resulting factor in the small number of applicants as well as employees moving to other organizations (McKee and Healy, 2002).

For the doctors working at a medical center to feel the need to stay with the institution, it calls for ensuring their needs are met and they are offered preferable conditions. A good example is offering them good housing within the medical center which would work as a motivator for them to want to remain with the organization. TEMC probably fails in this area resulting in the doctors wanting to move to where they enjoy such privileges. Employees working in such a condition will not feel motivated and may want to move to another organization. Lack of adequate finances could have resulted in TEMC not offering its staff an attractive salary package which results in the frequency in resignation of the medical personnel as they seek for better pay (Michaels, 2002).

Employee placing could also be a major contributor to the high staff turnover. Placing calls for assigning the right person the area they are qualified for. TEMC could be experiencing the problem of assigning the selected candidates to the positions that are right for their qualifications. This poses challenges to the new employee resulting in a case where they have a problem fitting in well implying their job satisfaction is low and they prefer to leave the medical center. According to Michaels (2002), the high employee turnover could be as a result of lack of employee development. Recruiting fresh graduates could solve these problems since these are willing to learn and develop with the center which will help in shaping the future vision of the medical center (Argence, 2008).

With the current advances in technology advancements, new working methods have to be put in place which calls for the staff to be abreast with the new technology. TEMC could as well be failing in this area which requires that you either recruit employees who have knowledge on working with the new technology or subject the current employees to the appropriate training to adjust to the new methods of operation. They could be failing in the area of training appropriately which means the employees do not get well acquainted with the new working methods and hence may lead to employee turn over. They could also be lurking in keeping pace with the new technological advancements which means that their operations are not up to speed resulting in the employees feeling demoralized to work in such an environment  (McNamara, 2010).