Anemia
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Iron Deficiency Anemia and Post-Hemorrhagic Anemia
As far as the pathophysiological mechanisms for anemia are concerned, there are many possible adjustments. However, it is impossible to reduce oxygen requirement by tissues. There are three pathophysiologic mechanisms that are associated with post-hemorrhagic anemia;
- The survival of red blood cells is shortened slightly through unknown mechanisms in patients suffering from chronic granulomatous infections or cancer.
- There is impairment of the erythropoiesis due to decreased marrow sensitivity to EPO and EPO (erythropoietin) production (Allen, 2000).
- The intracellular iron metabolism is eventually impaired.
When an individual is suffering from iron deficiency anemia, there is an increase in the body’s oxidative metabolisms as a result of compensatory activities’ energy requirements. Increased extraction of oxygen from anemic blood by tissues leads to increased deoxyhemoglobin concentration in the RBC, which increases production of 2,3- DPG. This makes the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the right, which makes it easy for the tissues to strip the electron-accepting cargo from hemoglobin (Allen, 2000).
Comparison
Whereas post-hemorrhagic anemia is as a result of severe bleeding, iron deficiency anemia results when the body has inadequate iron. Inadequate iron and severe bleeding may be as a result of a number of factors (Allen, 2000).
Potential Causes
Post-Hemorrhagic anemia results after a person has experienced severe bleeding due to external factors such as child birth, traumatic injury, surgery, or an accident. In addition, there may be excessive bleeding due to internal factors such as hemorrhoids, gastritis, ulcers, internal ruptures, blood conditions, cancer, ruptured aneurysms, coagulation and bleeding conditions, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and circulatory system conditions. Iron deficiency anemia results when the body’s iron stores drop very low such that supporting ordinary red blood cell production becomes difficult (Allen, 2000). This may be caused by insufficient iron absorption, dietary iron intake, loss of iron through the urine, or bleeding.
Impact of Genetics, Gender, Ethnicity, Age, and Behavior on Anemic Disorders
Ethnicity: in the US, anemia is more prevalent among the Mexican-Americans and blacks as opposed to the whites. Age: there is a high prevalence of anemia during the 2nd year of life as a result of increased needs of iron that is associated with rapid growth. Low birth weight and premature infants are also at risk while iron needs are less in old age. A person’s behavior in regard to consumption of iron rich foods and preventing exposure to malaria and parasitic infections plays a great role in curbing anemia. Adult women and adolescent girls require more iron than men. Pregnancy and heavy menstrual blood loss are linked to greater iron requirements. Inherited genetic defects also exposes people to anemia (Allen, 2000).
Reference
Allen, L. H. (2000). Anemia and iron deficiency: effects on pregnancy outcome. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 71(5), 1280s-1284s.
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