Mini Assignment Questions

Mini Assignment Questions

Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and health status: meta-analysis

(Sofi, Cesari, Abbate, Gensini & Casini, BMJ, 2008)

  1. What is a meta-analysis? (Mention the 3 critical aspects)

An analysis of different studies with an aim of combining and contrasting results, identifying patterns in the study results, why there are disagreements, as well as other vital relationships.

  1. How many subjects and deaths were covered in the eight cohort studies?

33,576 deaths and 514,816 subjects.

  1. What was the main finding of the combined cohort studies in terms of adherence to a Mediterranean diet?

Increased Mediterranean diet adherence results to a vital health status improvement in regard to reduced overall mortalities, mortality and incidence of cancer, cardiovascular diseases’ mortality, and incidence of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

  1. Describe in terms of food types what is meant by “Mediterranean diet”

Moderate red wine intake during meals, fish, cereals, legumes, fruits, and vegetables.

  1. What are the limitations of the “Mediterranean diet” concept and how they group some food categories? (Page 6 of 7, Limitations)

The Mediterranean diet is not considered to be a homogenous eating pattern. There are still disputes among researchers regarding classification of food categories for example dairy products and milk, nuts, and legumes; the real significance of various types of meat; and moderate alcohol amount intake establishments. These factors vary significantly in the selected studies.

  1. In general, what were the primary and secondary prevention of major chronic diseases with greater adherence of a Mediterranean diet?

Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is an appropriate preventive tool for minimizing the risk of morbidity and mortality among populations.

Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease by Diet and Lifestyle Evidence from Prospective Cross-Cultural, Cohort and Intervention Studies

(Kromhout, D., Menotti, A., Kesteloot, H., & Sans,  S. Circulation, 2002)

  1. a) What was the original diet-heart disease hypothesis put forward by De Langen? (Page 893)

The differences in coronary heart disease occurrence between populations are as a result of diet variations and hypercholesterolemia was linked to metabolic diseases for instance nephritis, obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis.

  1. b) Keys and co-workers later advanced this hypothesis-: what did they suggest? (Page 894)

Cross-cultural diet variations could be linked to variations in coronary heart disease mortality’s population rates and the serum cholesterol levels in the average population.

  1. What were the main findings of the following Prospective Cohort Studies:
    • Framingham Heart Study: the lower the profile for risk factors, the minimal the risk for all-cause mortality and coronary heart disease (Kromhout et al., 2002).
    • MRFIT Study: low levels of age-adjusted risk factors (smoking and serum cholesterol and blood pressure levels) has a great impact on general health and vulnerability to coronary heart disease.
    • Nurses Health Study: the impact on coronary heart disease prevention is greater when there are more low risk factor levels. People with low biological risk factors’ levels (such as blood pressure and serum cholesterol) and those who stick to a healthy diet and lifestyle are at minimal vulnerability to coronary heart disease.
  2. What were the main findings from the following Dietary and Lifestyle Intervention Studies:
    • Oslo trial: a greater serum cholesterol reduction has a huge impact on all-cause mortality and coronary events.
    • DART trial: there was a 32 percent coronary heart disease mortality’s reduction and 29 percent all-cause mortality reduction after eating oily fish for at least two times in a week.
    • DASH trial: apart from sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium are vital blood pressure dietary determinants. The combined impacts of the DASH diet and sodium reduction was higher as opposed to their single effects.
  3. What are the primary and secondary implications for the prevention of CHD? (Page 896)

There can be substantial reduction for coronary heart disease risks if there are proper lifestyle and dietary changes. Smoking and diet greatly determines the occurrence of coronary heart disease. These two factors in addition to physical activity and alcohol are vital individual risk determinants for CHD.

 

 

Reference

Kromhout, D., Menotti, A., Kesteloot, H., & Sans, S. (2002). Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease           by Diet and Lifestyle Evidence from Prospective Cross-Cultural, Cohort and Intervention        Studies. Circulation Journal of the American Heart Assoiation, 893- 898.

 

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