A researcher was interested in the effects of photo sharing on well-being. She thinks that sharing photographs can focus people’s attention on positive aspects of their lives, which can increase well-being. However, she thinks that the kinds of photos people share will make a difference. She conducted an experiment in which Instagram users were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. In condition 1, participants were not asked to share a photo on Instagram. In condition 2, participants were asked to share a photo that does not contain any people on Instagram. In condition 3, participants were asked to share a photo of themselves on Instagram. In condition 4, participants were asked to share a photo of one of their friends on Instagram. Next, all participant were asked to fill out a well-being questionnaire that was scored such that higher numbers indicate greater well-being. The researcher derived the following hypotheses:

1. Participants who shared a photo will, on average, have higher well-being than those who did not share a photo.

2. Participants who shared a photo that did not contain any people will have lower well-being than those who shared a photo of themselves or their friend.

3. Participants who shared a photo of their friend will have higher well-being than those who shared a photo of themselves.

The table below shows well-being scores for each participant, organised by condition. Use this data to answer the questions that follow.

Condition1 – No photo: 15, 16, 18, 20, 10, 22, 15, 24, 21, 19

Condition 2 – Photo without people: 23, 22, 24, 17, 27, 23, 16, 30, 29, 15

Condition 3 – Photo of self: 29, 25, 33, 31, 35, 30, 34, 32, 29, 18

Condition 4 – Photo of friend: 20, 24, 28, 26, 25, 23, 26, 25, 25, 24

Note. You must retain 3 decimal places for all calculations or else you will get the wrong answer. Type all of your answers and clearly state which question you are answering. Use tables where appropriate.

1. Specify the statistical hypotheses AND the conceptual hypotheses (H0 and H1) for the omnibus analysis of variance (4 marks max).

2. (a) State in symbols (as demonstrated in class) the non-directional statistical hypotheses for the 3 experimental hypotheses, and (b) write an appropriate set of contrasts according to the stated hypotheses for each of them by assigning appropriate coefficients (6 marks max).

3. Describe and justify whether these contrasts are orthogonal. Note: You don’t need to use a tree diagram for this, just show the results of all other tests of orthogonality (6 marks max).

4. In APA format, write up the results of this analysis as it would appear in the results section of a journal article. You should report the omnibus results, including the experimental effect size (omega squared). An appropriate summary table should also be presented in the text. The results of all planned contrasts are to be included. Be sure to use Bonferroni corrected t-tests and state whether the hypotheses are supported or not (32 marks max). Please do not attach/submit your hand calculations.

5. First, explain why the researcher used a Bonferroni correction. Then, explain how it would change the results and conclusions if she did the same contrasts without the correction. Provide specific detail describing how you arrived at this answer. This section is to be no more than 200 words. (6 marks max).

6. Would a repeated measures design have been a viable option for this experiment? Justify your answer in relation to the potential advantages and disadvantages (minimum of two each) of using such a design for this specific study. This section is to be no more than 200 words and make sure to relate the advantages/disadvantages to this specific study. (6 marks max).

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