Introduction
Understanding the theories that explain different aspects of human development and behavior can provide valuable insights into the challenges and experiences individuals face throughout their lives. In the case of Bina Patel, a 90-year-old immigrant from India, this essay analyses her life journey through the lens of three key theories: Cross’s theory of psychological nigrescence , gender theory , and Cass’s theory of identity formation . This essay aims to examine the factors related to each theory’s corresponding stage and connect them to Bina Patel’s unique circumstances.
Cross’s Theory of Psychological Nigrescence
Cross’s Theory of Psychological Nigrescence explores the process of racial identity development and its impact on individuals’ psychological well-being and social interactions (Cross, 2018). In the case of Bina Patel, her strong adherence to South Asian cultural values and her expectation of support from her adult children highlight the significance of cultural identity in her life journey.
As an immigrant from India, Bina Patel’s move to the United States with her son and his family 25 years ago allowed her to maintain her cultural traditions and rely on the intergenerational support system commonly found in South Asian communities. This support system is rooted in the cultural belief that adult children, particularly sons, have a responsibility to provide for their parents in old age (Cross, 2018). Bina Patel’s role as a caregiver and provider of wisdom and guidance to her children and grandchildren demonstrates the interdependent nature of generations and the transmission of cultural values from one generation to the next.
Bina Patel’s strong identification with her cultural background and the support she expects from her family are indicative of the nigrescence process described in Cross’s theory. Nigrescence refers to the psychological journey individuals go through as they develop a positive racial identity and reconcile their cultural heritage with the dominant culture (Cross, 2018). In Bina Patel’s case, her racial and cultural identity as a South Asian immigrant is an integral part of her self-concept and influences her expectations and behaviors.
However, the declining health of Bina Patel’s son, who may no longer be able to fulfill his traditional role due to pancreatic cancer, poses a challenge to the cultural expectations and necessitates alternative sources of assistance. This disruption in the intergenerational support system can lead to a reevaluation of Bina Patel’s racial and cultural identity, as she may need to adjust her expectations and seek support from other sources outside her immediate family.
Moreover, Cross’s theory highlights the importance of understanding the impact of cultural norms and values on individuals’ psychological well-being and social interactions. In the case of Bina Patel, her cultural identity and the support she receives from her family contribute to her overall sense of belonging, purpose, and well-being. Cultural identity acts as a protective factor, providing a sense of continuity and resilience in the face of challenges and transitions.
Understanding Cross’s Theory of Psychological Nigrescence can assist healthcare professionals, social workers, and families in supporting individuals like Bina Patel who are navigating the complexities of maintaining a positive racial and cultural identity. By recognizing the significance of cultural values and expectations, professionals can help individuals reconcile their cultural heritage with their current circumstances, provide culturally sensitive care, and facilitate connections to resources and support systems that align with their racial and cultural identities.
In conclusion, Cross’s Theory of Psychological Nigrescence sheds light on the process of racial identity development and its influence on individuals’ psychological well-being and social interactions. Bina Patel’s strong adherence to South Asian cultural values and her expectations of support from her adult children exemplify the significance of cultural identity in her life journey. By understanding and considering the implications of this theory, healthcare professionals, social workers, and families can provide appropriate support and resources to individuals like Bina Patel, ultimately contributing to their holistic well-being and cultural integration.
Gender Theory
Gender theory examines the social construction of gender and its influence on individuals’ roles, behaviors, and expectations (Butler, 2019). In Bina Patel’s case, gender dynamics play a significant role in shaping her experiences and relationships. Although gender theory is not explicitly mentioned in the provided information, we can infer certain aspects related to gender roles and expectations. Bina Patel’s daughter-in-law, who is home full-time with Ms. Patel, is emotionally distraught over her husband’s rapid decline. This emotional distress may be influenced by societal expectations placed on women as caregivers and nurturers within the family (Butler, 2019). Gender roles may have contributed to her decision to prioritize caregiving over employment and her reliance on her husband’s support. The absence of Bina Patel’s grandchildren, who have relocated due to employment, may also reflect the influence of gender roles on career opportunities and family responsibilities.
Cass’s Theory of Identity Formation
Cass’s Theory of Identity Formation, developed by Vivian Cass, focuses on the process of identity development during adolescence and young adulthood (Cass, 2018). While Bina Patel is in a later stage of life, her declining cognitive and physical capacities, coupled with the impending loss of her son, create significant challenges that impact her sense of self and identity.
According to Cass’s theory, identity formation involves a series of stages, including identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement. Individuals move through these stages as they explore different aspects of their identity, make commitments, and establish a coherent sense of self. In Bina Patel’s case, her circumstances prompt a reevaluation and potential adaptation of her identity.
In the past, Bina Patel may have identified strongly as a caregiver, provider of wisdom, and active participant in her family’s daily life. However, with her declining health and the impending loss of her son, she faces significant changes that challenge her previous identity roles and responsibilities. These changes can create a sense of identity diffusion or uncertainty, as Bina Patel may struggle to redefine herself and find new sources of meaning and purpose.
The involvement of a hospital social worker in strategizing for Bina Patel’s increased care needs aligns with Cass’s theory. Social workers play a crucial role in providing support and resources to individuals who are navigating life transitions and adjustments. They can assist Bina Patel in exploring new roles and identities, helping her maintain a sense of agency and control over her own life.
Furthermore, Cass’s theory emphasizes the importance of exploration and experimentation in identity formation. Bina Patel may benefit from opportunities to explore new interests, hobbies, or relationships that can contribute to a sense of personal growth and identity development. Engaging in activities that align with her values and cultural background can help maintain a connection to her heritage and provide a sense of continuity amidst change.
It is important for Bina Patel’s healthcare team, including social workers, to facilitate a supportive and empowering environment. They can encourage her to reflect on her life experiences, values, and strengths, helping her establish a renewed sense of purpose and identity. By involving Bina Patel in decision-making processes regarding her care and supporting her autonomy, healthcare professionals can foster a sense of agency and empower her to maintain control over her own life, even in the face of challenges.
Additionally, Cass’s theory emphasizes the role of social relationships in identity formation. Bina Patel’s connections with her children, grandchildren, and community are essential sources of support and validation. Maintaining these relationships and finding new ways to stay connected, such as through technology or community programs, can contribute to her overall well-being and sense of identity.
In conclusion, Cass’s Theory of Identity Formation provides a valuable framework for understanding the challenges Bina Patel faces in maintaining a coherent sense of self and identity. Her declining health, the impending loss of her son, and the need for increased care necessitate a reevaluation and potential adaptation of her identity. By considering the stages and processes outlined in Cass’s theory, healthcare professionals and social workers can provide the necessary support and resources to help Bina Patel navigate these changes and foster a sense of agency and empowerment. Ultimately, understanding and applying theories of identity formation can contribute to the holistic care and well-being of individuals like Bina Patel as they navigate the complexities of aging and changing family dynamics.
Conclusion
Analyzing Bina Patel’s life journey through the lenses of Cross’s theory of psychological nigrescence, gender theory, and Cass’s theory of identity formation provides valuable insights into the factors influencing her experiences and challenges. Cultural identity, gender roles, and the formation of a coherent sense of self all intersect in Bina Patel’s unique circumstances. Recognizing and understanding these theories can assist healthcare professionals, social workers, and families in providing appropriate support and resources to individuals like Bina Patel as they navigate the complexities of aging and changing family dynamics.
References
Butler, J. (2019). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
Cass, V. C. (2018). Identity formation in adolescence. In Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 205-234). John Wiley & Sons.
Cross, W. E. (2018). Psychological nigrescence revisited. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development (161), 3-16.
