Gardner
The theory of multiple intelligence describes intelligence as a primary sensory as opposed to observing human competence as single general ability. Howard Gardner designed and established the theory of intelligence in the late 1983. Gardner states that individual intelligence incorporates seven critical elements (Helding, 2009). As the theory highlights, human intelligence has several components including intrapersonal intelligence, interpersonal competence, linguistic knowledge, bodily kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, naturalistic, and spatial knowledge (Spearman, 20004).
In reference to his observation, Gardner states that human beings do not have underlying intelligence. Instead, modern individuals have several types of intelligence. For instance, the current president of United States of America has the intelligence of linguistic as well as the interpersonal intelligence. The United States president has the ability of producing a speech that can move a huge number of United States populations. Equally, the president has the intelligence of forming formidable interaction with all professionals in the society (Klein, 2007).
According to the Multiple Intelligence Theory, individual social and cultural background has a critical role in shaping human intelligence. Moreover, the manner in which an individual grows up in the society has a critical role in shaping individual skills and competence. As Gardner highlights, there are various components of individuals’ skills and competence. The linguistic competence helps individuals to present themselves in challenging situations. For example, the current United States president relies on his linguistic intelligence in convincing the American Congress to pass crucial bills and Acts. The president also has an aptitude of languages that attract a huge number of his followers in American and other parts of the world (Nikolova, & Taneva-Shopova, 2007).
The logical-Mathematical intelligence helps individuals in dealing with challenging and complicated mathematical problems. In his researches and evaluation, Gardner states that few personnel in the contemporary society have the skills and ability of solving challenging numerical and mathematical problems. The spatial intelligence is useful in assisting individuals to perceive spatial and visual information. The spatial intelligence also assists scholars in conceptualizing the world arts and navigation activities.
Musical intelligence has so far proved to be one of the most useful competencies in modern society (Scarr, 1985). Although some scholars have described the musical intelligence as a natural skill and talent, the available information affirms that the intelligence requires nurturing and training. For instance, some of the prominent musicians in modern society have confirmed their commitments in facilitating the success of their career. In his testimony, Michael Joseph confirmed that musical competence requires continuous training and learning. In an interview, Michael Joseph affirmed his endless commitments towards emerging as one of the most successful musician in the 21st century.
According to Multiple Intelligence Theory, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence helps individuals in succeeding in various physical activities including dancing and sports. Modern prominent sportsmen and dancers have relied on their bodily-kinesthetic intelligence in succeeding in modern competitive society. The Multiple Intelligence Theory has also offered detailed analysis on the interpersonal intelligence. In his observation, Gardner states that interpersonal intelligence is the ability of facilitating productive communication and intellection between two individuals (Gardner, 1998). Furthermore, according to Multiple Intelligence Theory, the naturalist intelligence is individual ability and skills of understanding natural phenomenon (Kavale & Forness, 2007).
As a result, the Multiple Intelligence Theory is one of the most successful theories in describing the existing individual intelligence. Although some scholars associate individual skills and intelligence with one mental makeup, the existing literature review confirms that environmental factors has a critical impact in defining individuals’ intelligence. Therefore, intelligence is not entirely due to one definition but on more than one aspect of human ability.
References
Gardner, H (1998), A Reply to Perry D. Klein’s multiplying the problems of intelligence by eight, Canadian Journal of Education 23 (1): 96–102
Helding, L. (2009), Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Journal of Singing 66 (2), 193–199
Kavale, K., & Forness, S., (2007), Substance over style: Assessing the efficacy of modality testing and teaching, Exceptional Children, 54, (1), 228–239
Klein, P., (2007), Multiplying the problems of intelligence by eight: A critique of Gardner’s theory, Canadian Journal of Education 22 (4), 377–394
Nikolova, K., & Taneva-Shopova, S. (2007), Multiple intelligences theory and educational practice, Annual Assesn Zlatarov University 26 (2), 105–109
Scarr, S. (1985), An authors frame of mind [Review of Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences, New Ideas in Psychology 3 (1), 95–100
Spearman, C. (20004), General intelligence, objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology 15, (1)201-293
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