Author: chris

 

Managerial Decision Making Research and Analysis

Research a specific company of your choice and identify some of the managerial decisions that were made over time and in response to changes in its market or competitive environment. Use the Ashford University Library and web-based sources for your research. At least three external scholarly sources must be used in addition to the textbook.

Address all of the following areas:

 

• Describe the company and provide a brief history of its operations. Find or use graphs to illustrate its financial performance over the years.
• Describe any sources of risk or uncertainty in its operations. Do the financial reports indicate risky or uncertain activities or changes to the economic environment that ultimately appear to have affected the company’s financial outcomes? Be specific.
• Are there any government regulations that have affected this company’s operations domestically or abroad? Explain.
• Describe the inputs that are used in this company’s production function and identify any challenges to securing these inputs.
• Determine if the company has introduced new products in existing markets or created new markets over time. What is the impact on its finances?
• Determine if the price of its products increased or declined over time and analyze the reasons for price fluctuations. Study the demand elasticity for its products and discuss the availability of close substitutes for its products. How does that affect pricing decisions?
• Analyze the company’s profitability. Identify the economy or industry influences on its costs, operations, and profitability.
• Describe the competitive environment in which the firm operates, the distribution of market power, and the strategic behavior of the firm and its competitors. Apply your knowledge of the theory of this company’s market structure. How does the company make pricing and production decisions? Is your observation supported by the theoretical models? Refer to the financial reports for illustration.

  Describe any non-price competitive strategies that the company might be engaging in. Provide specific examples.

• Evaluate if the company made any mistakes in its decisions over time, and recommend any changes or improvements for future operations. Refer to the financial reports when making specific observations or recommendations..

 

Use economic language and demonstrate your understanding of the concepts and theories of this course.

Writing the Final Paper

The Final Paper:

 

1. Must be 8 to 10 double-spaced pages in length (excluding including the title and reference pages), and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
2. Must include a title page with the following:
   1. Title of paper
   2. Student’s name
   3. Course name and number
   4. Instructor’s name
   5. Date submitted
3. Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement which identifies the focus of the paper.
4. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
5. Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
6. Must use at least three scholarly sources, in addition to the text.
7. Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
8. Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

 

Reference:

 

Douglas, E. (2012). Managerial Economics (1st ed.). San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education.

 

Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.

 

Total Possible Score: 25.00

 

Provides an Introduction and a Conclusion

 

Total: 2.00

 

Distinguished – Provides a well-organized introduction with sufficient background on the topic, a fully developed thesis statement, and a logical conclusion.

 

Proficient – Provides an organized introduction with background on the topic, a thesis statement, and a conclusion. Minor details are missing.

 

Basic – Provides an introduction with background on the topic, a thesis statement, and a conclusion. Relevant details are missing.

 

Below Expectations – Attempts to provide an introduction with background on the topic, a thesis statement, and a conclusion; however, significant details are missing.

 

Non-Performance – The introduction and the conclusion are either nonexistent or lack the components described in the assignment instructions.

 

 

 

Describes the Company and Provides a Brief History of Its Operations

 

Total: 1.00

 

Distinguished – Thoroughly describes the company and provides a relevant and brief history of its operations. Effectively uses graphs to illustrate its financial performance.

 

Proficient – Describes the company and provides a brief history of its operations, using graphs to illustrate its financial performance. Minor details are missing.

 

Basic – Partially describes the company and provides a brief history of its operations, somewhat using graphs to illustrate its financial performance. Relevant details are missing.

 

Below Expectations – Minimally describes the company and provides a brief history of its operations. Does not use graphs to illustrate its financial performance and/or significant details are missing.

 

Non-Performance – The description of the company and a history of its operations is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.

 

 

 

Describes Sources of Risk or Uncertainty in Its Operations

 

Total: 2.00

 

Distinguished – Thoroughly describes sources of risk or uncertainty in its operations.

 

Proficient – Describes sources of risk or uncertainty in its operations, but minor details are missing.

 

Basic – Partially describes sources of risk or uncertainty in its operations. Relevant details are missing.

 

Below Expectations – Attempts to describe sources of risk or uncertainty in its operations, but significant details are missing.

 

Non-Performance – The description of sources of risk or uncertainty in its operations is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.

 

 

 

Discusses Government Regulations that Have Affected the Company’s Operations

 

Total: 1.00

 

Distinguished – Thoroughly discusses government regulations that have affected the company’s operations.

 

Proficient – Discusses government regulations that have affected the company’s operations, but minor details are missing.

 

Basic – Partially discusses government regulations that have affected the company’s operations. Relevant details are missing.

 

Below Expectations – Attempts to discuss government regulations that have affected the company’s operations, but significant details are missing.

 

Non-Performance – The discussion of government regulations is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.

 

 

 

Describes the Inputs that are Used in This Company’s Production Function and Identifies Any Challenges to Securing These Inputs

 

Total: 2.00

 

Distinguished – Thoroughly describes the inputs that are used in this company’s production function and identifies any challenges to securing these inputs.

 

Proficient – Describes the inputs that are used in this company’s production function and identifies any challenges to securing these inputs, but minor details are missing.

 

Basic – Partially describes the inputs that are used in this company’s production function and identifies any challenges to securing these inputs. Relevant details are missing.

 

Below Expectations – Attempts to describe the inputs that are used in this company’s production function and identify any challenges to securing these inputs, but significant details are missing.

 

Non-Performance – The description of the inputs that are used in this company’s production and the identification of any challenges to securing these inputs are either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.

 

 

 

Determines If the Company Has Introduced New Products in Existing Markets or Created New Markets Over Time, and Describes the Impact on its Finances

 

Total: 2.00

 

Distinguished – Determines if the company has introduced new products in existing markets or created new markets over time, and thoroughly describes the impact on its finances.

 

Proficient – Determines if the company has introduced new products in existing markets or created new markets over time, and describes the impact on its finances, but minor details are missing.

 

Basic – Determines if the company has introduced new products in existing markets or created new markets over time, and somewhat describes the impact on its finances. Relevant details are missing.

 

Below Expectations – Determines if the company has introduced new products in existing markets or created new markets over time, and minimally describes the impact on its finances. Significant details are missing.

 

Non-Performance – The determination of whether the company has introduced new products in existing markets or created new markets over time and description of the impact on its finances are either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.

 

 

 

Determines If the Price of its Products Fluctuated Over Time and Analyzes the Reasons for Price Fluctuations

 

Total: 2.00

 

Distinguished – Determines if the price of its products fluctuated over time and thoroughly analyzes the reasons for price fluctuations.

 

Proficient – Determines if the price of its products fluctuated over time and analyzes the reasons for price fluctuations, but minor details are missing.

 

Basic – Determines if the price of its products fluctuated over time and analyzes the reasons for price fluctuations. Relevant details are missing.

 

Below Expectations – Determines if the price of its products fluctuated over time and attempts to analyze the reasons for price fluctuations, but significant details are missing.

 

Non-Performance – The determination of whether the price of its products fluctuated over time and the analysis of the reasons for price fluctuations are either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.

 

 

 

Analyzes the Company’s Profitability and Identifies the Economy or Industry Influences on its Costs, Operations, and Profitability

 

Total: 2.00

 

Distinguished – Thoroughly analyzes the company’s profitability; and identifies the economy or industry influences on its costs, operations, and profitability.

 

Proficient – Analyzes the company’s profitability; and identifies the economy or industry influences on its costs, operations, and profitability, but minor details are missing.

 

Basic – Partially analyzes the company’s profitability; and identifies the economy or industry influences on its costs, operations, and profitability. Relevant details are missing.

 

Below Expectations – Attempts to analyze the company’s profitability and identify the economy or industry influences on its costs, operations, and profitability, but significant details are missing.

 

Non-Performance – The analysis of the company’s profitability and the identification of the economy or industry influences on its costs, operations, and profitability are either nonexistent or lack the components described in the assignment instructions.

 

 

 

Describes the Competitive Environment in Which the Firm Operates, the Distribution of Market Power, and the Strategic Behavior of the Firm and Its Competitors

 

Total: 2.00

 

Distinguished – Thoroughly describes the competitive environment in which the firm operates, the distribution of market power, and the strategic behavior of the firm and its competitors.

 

Proficient – Describes the competitive environment in which the firm operates, the distribution of market power, and the strategic behavior of the firm and its competitors, but minor details are missing.

 

Basic – Partially describes the competitive environment in which the firm operates, the distribution of market power, and the strategic behavior of the firm and its competitors. Relevant details are missing.

 

Below Expectations – Minimally describes the competitive environment in which the firm operates, the distribution of market power, and the strategic behavior of the firm and its competitors, but significant details are missing.

 

Non-Performance – The description of the competitive environment, the distribution of market power, and the strategic behavior of the firm and its competitors is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.

 

 

 

Describes Any Non-Price Competitive Strategies in which the Company Might Be Engaging

 

Total: 1.00

 

Distinguished – Thoroughly describes any non-price competitive strategies in which the company might be engaging.

 

Proficient – Describes any non-price competitive strategies in which the company might be engaging, but minor details are missing.

 

Basic – Partially describes any non-price competitive strategies in which the company might be engaging. Relevant details are missing.

 

Below Expectations – Attempts to describe any non-price competitive strategies in which the company might be engaging, but significant details are missing.

 

Non-Performance – The description of any non-price competitive strategies in which the company might be engaging is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.

 

 

 

Evaluates If the Company Made Any Mistakes in its Decisions Over Time, and Recommends Any Changes or Improvements for Future Operations

 

Total: 1.00

 

Distinguished – Thoroughly evaluates the company’s mistakes in its decisions over time, and recommends any changes or improvements for future operations.

 

Proficient – Evaluates the company’s mistakes in its decisions over time, and recommends any changes or improvements for future operations, but minor details are missing.

 

Basic – Partially evaluates the company’s mistakes in its decisions over time, and recommends any changes or improvements for future operations. Relevant details are missing.

 

Below Expectations – Attempts to evaluate the company’s mistakes in its decisions over time and recommend any changes or improvements for future operations, but significant details are missing.

 

Non-Performance – The evaluation of the company’s mistakes in its decisions over time and the recommendation of any changes or improvements for future operations are either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.

 

 

 

Critical Thinking: Explanation of Issues

 

Total: 2.30

 

Distinguished – Clearly and comprehensively explains in detail the issue to be considered, delivering all relevant information necessary for a full understanding.

 

Proficient – Clearly explains in detail the issue to be considered, delivering enough relevant information for an adequate understanding.

 

Basic – Briefly recognizes the issue to be considered, delivering minimal information for a basic understanding.

 

Below Expectations – Briefly recognizes the issue to be considered, but may not deliver additional information necessary for a basic understanding.

 

Non-Performance – The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions.

 

 

 

Written Communication: Content Development

 

Total: 1.00

 

Distinguished – Uses appropriate, pertinent, and persuasive content to discover and develop sophisticated ideas within the context of the discipline, shaping the work as a whole.

 

Proficient – Uses appropriate and pertinent content to discover ideas within the context of the discipline, shaping the work as a whole.

 

Basic – Uses appropriate and pertinent content, but does not apply it toward discovering or developing ideas. Overall, content assists in shaping the written work.

 

Below Expectations – Uses content, though it may be unrelated or inappropriate to the topic. Content does not contribute toward the development of the written work, and may distract the reader from its purpose.

 

Non-Performance – The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions.

 

 

 

Written Communication: Context of and Purpose for Writing

 

Total: 1.00

 

Distinguished – Demonstrates methodical application of organization and presentation of content. The purpose of the writing is evident and easy to understand. Summaries, quotes, and/or paraphrases fit naturally into the sentences and paragraphs. Paper flows smoothly.

 

Proficient – Demonstrates sufficient application of organization and presentation of content. The purpose of the writing is, for the most part, clear and easy to understand. There are some problems with the blending of summaries, paraphrases, and quotes. Paper flows somewhat smoothly.

 

Basic – Demonstrates a limited understanding of organization and presentation of content in written work. The purpose of the writing is somewhat evident, but may not be integrated throughout the assignment. There are many problems with the blending of summaries, paraphrases, and quotes. Paper does not flow smoothly in all sections.

 

Below Expectations – Organization and presentation of content is extremely limited. The purpose of the writing is unclear. There is little or no blending of summaries, paraphrases, and quotes. Paper does not flow smoothly when read.

 

Non-Performance – The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions.

 

 

 

Written Communication: Control of Syntax and Mechanics

 

Total: 0.68

 

Distinguished – Displays meticulous comprehension and organization of syntax and mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains no errors, and is very easy to understand.

 

Proficient – Displays comprehension and organization of syntax and mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains only a few minor errors, and is mostly easy to understand.

 

Basic – Displays basic comprehension of syntax and mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains a few errors, which may slightly distract the reader.

 

Below Expectations – Fails to display basic comprehension of syntax or mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains major errors, which distract the reader.

 

Non-Performance – The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions.

 

 

 

Written Communication: APA Formatting

 

Total: 0.68

 

Distinguished – Accurately uses APA formatting consistently throughout the paper, title page, and reference page.

 

Proficient – Exhibits APA formatting throughout the paper. However, layout contains a few minor errors.

 

Basic – Exhibits basic knowledge of APA formatting throughout the paper. However, layout does not meet all APA requirements.

 

Below Expectations – Fails to exhibit basic knowledge of APA formatting. There are frequent errors, making the layout difficult to distinguish as APA.

 

Non-Performance – The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions.

 

 

 

Written Communication: Page Requirement

 

Total: 0.67

 

Distinguished – The length of the paper is equivalent to the required number of correctly formatted pages.

 

Proficient – The length of the paper is nearly equivalent to the required number of correctly formatted pages.

 

Basic – The length of the paper is equivalent to at least three quarters of the required number of correctly formatted pages.

 

Below Expectations – The length of the paper is equivalent to at least one half of the required number of correctly formatted pages.

 

Non-Performance – The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions.

 

 

 

Written Communication: Source Requirement

 

Total: 0.67

 

Distinguished – Uses more than the required number of scholarly sources, providing compelling evidence to support ideas. All sources on the reference page are used and cited correctly within the body of the assignment.

 

Proficient – Uses required number of scholarly sources to support ideas. All sources on the reference page are used and cited correctly within the body of the assignment.

 

Basic – Uses less than the required number of sources to support ideas. Some sources may not be scholarly. Most sources on the reference page are used within the body of the assignment. Citations may not be formatted correctly.

 

Below Expectations – Uses inadequate number of sources that provide little or no support for ideas. Sources used may not be scholarly. Most sources on the reference page are not used within the body of the assignment. Citations are not formatted correctly.

 

Non-Performance – The assignment is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the instructions.

 

-Paper must follow guidelines 5-10 pages, 5 pages of writing. (see attached) and grading rubric to a tee and PLAGIRISM is not tolerated in this course. Please not copy and pasting of material that is not cited. All documents submitted are checked through Turn it in.com to check relevance. I already have 5 scholarly articles approved by the professor and downloaded that will be used for this paper. The articles are what is being reviewed.

Analytical Paper At least 1500 words. In this paper I would like you to “come to terms” with two separate texts that we have read, and identify how the texts complement each other’s projects or disrupt them. (or both simultaneously) Please revise the paper according to my professor’s comments. Reading assignment included along with my already written paper.

Big data and data analytics are hot topics that are frequently in the media these days. Much of the application of these mathematical concepts is industry specific, and the information security industry is no exception. Math plays an important role in an array of methods and technologies. One of the earlier applications of math in computer technology involved calculating subnets and creating encryption algorithms. Today, there is a wide range of network devices that collect and store packet and usage data. As the number of available system logs has become available, network and security administrators have struggled to make sense of this data. As a result, there has also been an increase in analytical tools that allow log data to be integrated and analyzed to allow for the identification of threat trends not previously apparent to the human analyst. Use the study materials and engage in any additional research needed to fill in knowledge gaps. Write a 2–3 page paper that covers the following: Identify a specific application of statistics in identifying an information security related threat. Identify how number theory plays a role in contributing to information security data analytics and encryption algorithms. Create a spreadsheet that uses summary statistics, graphs,

PSY 845: Module 4 Problem Set Solutions

Problem 1:
You have information on one sample and want to compare it to the population to see if it is significantly different from the population mean. In each of the following situations, would it be appropriate to use the t-test OR the z-test?
You know the population mean and variance
You do not know the population mean and variance
Solution:
z-test
one sample t-test
Note: If the sample size is less than 30, even though you know the population mean and variance, it is better to use the t-test because that corrects for the extra variation you will find in smaller sample sizes.

Problem 2:
Unlike the z-test that uses information about the population’s variance or SD, the formula for the t-statistic uses an estimate of the population’s variance or standard deviation, which is called the ______________________________ which is computed from the ____________________.
Solution:
…estimated standard error of the mean (sM) which is computed from the sample variance or standard deviation.
The estimated standard error (sM) is used as an estimate of the real standard error when the value of rho is unknown. It is computed from the sample variance or sample standard deviation and provides an estimate of the standard distance between a sample mean, M, and the population mean, μ.
Problem 3:
a. A researcher wants to compare typing speed (the DV) in two conditions of light (IV: low, high level of light). In order to use a t-test for independent samples, the design had to have participants that were __________________________________________________.
b. To perform a t-test where we are comparing two independent samples (groups), we need three pieces of information. These are:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Solution:
The participants had to be assigned randomly to only one of the two conditions. They were either in the low light or in the high light condition of the IV.
We would need to know each sample’s mean, each sample’s SD, each sample’s n.
Problem 4:
The degrees of freedom (df) for each sample that is being compared using the t-test is computed as __________.
Solution:
n – 1, number in sample minus 1. Thus, df is related to the sample size. The larger the sample, the larger the df.
Problem 5:
When we did the z-test, we computed the z-value and then looked at where it would fall in the distribution of all possible z-scores. Similarly, when we do a t-test, we compute the t-value and then look at where that t-value would fall in the distribution of _______________________________________. The critical values of t can be found in Table ___ in the appendix of the textbook.
Solution:
The distribution of all possible t-values that could be computed for a given df. Table B.2.
Problem 6:
a. A nondirectional hypothesis predicts there will be a significant difference between the two means that can be ___________________________________ . A directional hypothesis predicts there will be a significant difference between the two means and adds _____________________________.
A nondirectional hypothesis uses a ___-tailed test, while a directional hypothesis uses a ___-tailed test to evaluate if the difference between the means is significant.
When I set alpha at 5%, and have a nondirectional hypothesis, the 5% of outcomes that occur less frequently than my critical t-value
Fall in one tail of the distribution OR
are divided between the two tails (2 ½% in one tail and 2 ½ % in the other tail)?
Solution:
Nondirectional: Mean A will be significantly larger than Mean B OR Mean B will be significantly larger than Mean A.
Directional: Limits the prediction to one type of difference: either Mean A will be significantly larger than mean B OR Mean Be will be significantly larger than Mean A.
A nondirectional hypothesis uses a two-tailed test, while a directional hypothesis uses a one-tailed test to evaluate if the difference between the means is significant.
When I set alpha at 5%, and have a nondirectional hypothesis, the 5% of outcomes that occur less frequently than my critical t-value
Fall in one tail of the distribution OR
Are divided between the two tails (2 ½% in one tail and 2 ½ % in the other tail)? This is because you allowed the outcome to go in either direction, A>B or B>A
Problem 7:
Go to Table B.2 in the appendix of your textbook, and decide whether the following t-value that has been computed is significant (that is, its value is equal to or greater than the t-value beyond which only 5% or less of the proportion of all possible t-values would occur), given the df, the type of hypothesis (directional/nondirectional), the alpha level, the required (critical) t-value, and the actual t-value that was computed to compare the means of Group A with Group B.
Hypothesis: There will be a significant difference between the means of Group A and Group B; df = 25; computed t-value = 2.35.
Is this a directional or nondirectional hypothesis?____________
Given the type of hypothesis, the proportion of extreme values that I am interested in will be found in one tail or in two tails combined?
Given that the df = 25 and alpha is .05, what would be the value of t that my computed value would have to equal or exceed?
Is my computed value significant at this alpha level?
Answers to a:
Hypothesis: There will be a significant difference between the means of Group A and Group B; specifically, the mean of Group B will be significantly greater than the mean of Group A; df = 25; computed t-value = 2.35.
Is this a directional or nondirectional hypothesis?____________
Given the type of hypothesis, the proportion of extreme values that I am interested in will be found in one tail or in two tails combined?
Given that the df = 25 and alpha is .05, what would be the value of t that my computed value would have to equal or exceed?
Is my computed value significant at this alpha level?
Solution:
For Part a:
Is this a directional or nondirectional hypothesis? Nondirectional because I didn’t specify if I expect A to be larger than B (A>B) or B>A.
Given the type of hypothesis, the proportion of extreme values that I am interested in will be found in one tail or in two tails combined? I didn’t predict whether it would be in the right tail (B>A) or in the left tail (B<A). So, I will take either outcome (2.5% in one tail and 2.5% in the other tail).
Given that the df = 25 and alpha is .05, what would be the value of t that my computed value would have to equal or exceed? Using Table B.1,first I go down the first column (df) and find 25. That gives me the row to look in. Now, I am looking for the required value of t (the critical value of t) that my computed value of t has to equal or be larger than. I need to look under the column headed “Proportion in Two Tails Combined” and then 0.05 (my alpha level). Going down that column to the correct row for the df, I find the critical value of t is 2.06.
Is my computed value significant at this alpha level? My computed value of t is 2.35, which is larger than 2.06. Thus, my computed value has a probability of occurring less than 5% of the time:
(t(25)=2.35, two-tailed, p < .05). I can reject the null hypothesis and say that the means of Groups A and B are significantly different.

For Part b:
Is this a directional or nondirectional hypothesis? Directional because I specify which mean I believe will be significantly larger.
Given the type of hypothesis, the proportion of extreme values that I am interested in will be found in one tail or in two tails combined? I predicted that B would be greater than A, which would put all the outcomes I am interested in in the right tail (B>A). So, I will only consider the 5% of all possible outcomes that fall in that one tail of the distribution.
Given that the df = 25 and alpha is .05, what would be the value of t that my computed value would have to equal or exceed? Using Table B.1, first I go down the first column (df) and find 25. That gives me the row to look in. Now, I am looking for the required value of t (the critical value of t) that my computed value of t has to equal or be larger than.
I need to look under the column headed “Proportion in One Tail” and then 0.05 (my alpha level). Going down that column to the correct row for the df, I find the critical value of t is 1.708.

Is my computed value significant at this alpha level? My computed value of t is 2.35, which is larger than 1.708. Thus, my computed value has a probability of occurring less than 5% of the time:
(t(25)=2.35, one-tailed, p < .05). I can reject the null hypothesis and say that the means of Groups A and B are significantly different and, specifically, Group B’s mean is significantly larger than Group A’s mean.

What if it had been Group A that was significantly larger than Group B? Well, you can’t count that as a significant finding because that is not what you predicted.
Problem 8:
(Problem 23 on p. 349 of textbook)
Research has shown that people are more likely to show dishonest and self-interested behaviors in darkness than in a well-lit environment (Zhong, Bohns, & Gino, 2010). In one experiment, participants were given a set of 20 puzzles and were paid $0.50 for each one solved in a 5-minute period. However, the participants reported their own performance and there was no obvious method for checking their honesty. Thus, the task provided a clear opportunity to cheat and receive undeserved money. One group of participants was tested in a room with dimmed lighting and a second group was tested in a well-lit room. The reported number of solved puzzles was recorded for each individual. The following data represent results similar to those obtained in the study.
Group A
Well-Lit Room Group B
Dimly Lit Room
(Is there a treatment effect of lighting?)
7 9
8 11
10 13
6 10
8 11
5 9
7 15
12 14
5 10
Is there a significant difference in reported performance between the two conditions? Use two-tailed test with alpha set at p < .01.
Compute Cohen’s d to estimate the size of the treatment effect. After you have computed Cohen’s d, how would you interpret it?
Solution:
To compute the t-value, we first need three pieces of information for each sample:
n Group A: n = 9 Group B: n = 9
Mean Group A: M = 7.55 Group B: M = 11.33
(Mean = sum of the values in the group/n in the group)
SS Group A: SS = 42.22 Group B: SS = 38
To compute SS: SS = sum of the squares of the deviations
Subtract the group’s mean from each of the scores in the group (the difference is called a deviation)
Square each of the deviations
Add up the squared deviations [(X-MX)2

Group A (A-MA) (A-MA)2 Group B (B-MB) (B-MB)2
7 7-7.55 = -.55 -.552= .3025 9 -2.33 5.4289
8 8-7.55 = .45 .2025 11 -.33 .1089
10 10-7.55 = 2.45 6.0025 13 1.67 2.7889
6 6–7.55 = -1.55 2.4025 10 -1.33 1.7689
8 8–7.55 = .45 .2025 11 -.33 .1089
5 5-7.55 = -2.55 6.5025 9 -2.33 5.4289
7 7–7.55 = -.55 .3025 15 3.67 13.4689
12 12-7.55 = 4.45 19.8025 14 2.67 7.1289
5 5-7.55 = -2.55 6.5025 10 -1.33 1.7689
Sum A = 68 SSA = 42.22 Sum B = 102 SSB = 38.00
n = 9 n = 9
MA = 68 MB = 102
9 = 7.55 9 = 11.33
SS
Next, compute sample variance, s2 = df, for each sample
df = n – 1; 9 – 1 = 8 (same for both groups)

42.22 38
Group A: sA2 = 8 = 5.28 ; Group B: sB2 = 8 = 4.75
Next, compute the estimated standard error of each group: sM = √ s2/n

Group A: sM = √ 5.28/9 Group B: sM = √ 4.79/9

= .766 = .729

Next, compute the combined standard error for differences between the means of the the two groups:

sA2 sB2
S(MA-MB) = √ nA + nB = = 1.06
Then, we have all the necessary pieces to compute the t-value:

MA – MB 7.55 – 11.33
t = S(MA-MB) = 1.06 = – 3.57 (Disregard whether it is a + or -)

However, the minus sign tells us that the second mean (B) was larger than the first mean (A) for directionality, if we have predicted direction.

So, t(16) = 3.57.

Now, go to Table B.2 and look up the critical value of t when df = 16, you have a nondirectional hypothesis, and your alpha is set at .01. The critical value is 2.92.

Our computed value of 3.57 is larger than the critical value and we can reject the null hypothesis (that there is no effect of room lighting on the behavior).

t(16) = 3.57, two-tailed, p < .01.
b.
MA – MB SSA + SSB 42.22+38 80.22
Cohen’s d = pooled variance Pooled variance, sp2 = dfA + dfB = 8 + 8 = 16 = 5.01

7.55 – 11.33 3.78
d = 5.01 = 2.24 = 1.69

PHASE 2 Individual Project (Overdue)

 

750-1000 words (not counting references or title page)

 

 

You are an assistant professor with the Department of Homeland Security, currently teaching undergraduate students. You gave a lecture on the U.S. Constitution, homeland security policies, laws and strategies, and their implementation at the national, state, and local levels. Your lecture was quite detailed and long, and many of the students have contacted you with follow-up questions.

 

You have decided that because of the number of questions and the nature of the questions you received, it would be best if you put out a short paper that went into detail about the topic. Apparently, most of the students who attended the lecture did not take notes.

 

Assignment Guidelines

 

• Utilizing a U.S. Supreme Court case as a starting point, prepare a memo of 750–1,000 words in which you describe the relationship that the various law enforcement agencies at all levels have with law enforcement policies, laws, strategies, and the U.S. Constitution.
• Use your course materials, the library, and relevant Internet research options to research U.S. Supreme Court landmark cases in the area of law enforcement.  For instance, Terry v. Ohio (1968), which dealt with the law of stop and frisk.
• Review the cases found in your research, and choose 1 of the cases to use for your memo. This is the starting point for this assignment.
• Law enforcement agencies at all levels of the U.S. government devise law enforcement policies and crime fighting strategies, while staying within the Constitutional boundaries set by the U.S. Supreme Court. Your answer to the following questions can assist you in developing your memo:
  • How do national, state, and local agencies implement law enforcement policies and strategies while accounting for the requirements of the U.S. Constitution and other laws? Explain in detail.
  • What changes to law enforcement came about as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in your chosen case?  What did law enforcement have to do differently as a result of that decision?  Discuss the practical implications.
  • When the U.S. Supreme Court renders a decision that impacts the way in which law enforcement agencies do their business, how do those agencies go about implementing the necessary changes to their policies and procedures? Explain in detail.

    Be sure to reference all sources using APA style.

in-text citations, reference list (works cited), 1 inch borders Address the following – executive summary – your thesis (position on the topic) – in depth research and information about your topic/domain – how this topic applies to project management -what are the implications of this topic for a project manager? – how do the topics tools and concepts fit into the PMBOK (project management body of knowledge) process groups, knowledge areas, and processes (when and why would you use these tools and concepts in the project and project life cycle?) – limitations of the topics tools and concepts to a project and the project life cycle

The essay should be between 8-10 pages excluding the references, double-spaced and 12 fonts Time New Romans. All sources must be properly acknowledged in the references. Student should clearly indicate the: Title of the Assignment, Course Title & Numbers, Instructor’s Name and Student’s I.D. Number at the top of the first page of the assignment.

So my professor wanted me to go to a Middle Eastern restaurant and get an experience of what it’s like because I have never been to one before. He then assigned a 3 and a half page essay based on my experience at this restaurant. It has to be very detailed and include all the specific things I’ve experienced at this place. For example what the food smells or tastes like, what is was like to puff on a hookah for the first time, what the environment was like around me, etc. The essay must include very specific details on everything I’ve experienced and how much of a good time it was. This essay has to be from a first person perspective.