1)    Determine whether the evaluated group is a population or a sample

1. a) Based on a randomly selected group of 500 patients with high cholesterol, it was found that 67% have heart disease. Is this a population or a sample; explain your answer.
2. b) An investigation of 150 randomly selected local restaurants concluded that 42% of local restaurants have serious health code violations. Is this a population or a sample; explain your answer.

2)    Determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.

42. a) A researcher determines that 42.7% of all downtown office buildings have ventilation problems. Is this a statistic or a parameter; explain your answer.
43. b) After taking the first exam, 15 of the students dropped the class. Is this a statistic or a parameter; explain your answer.

3)    Identify the type of sampling used.

1. a) A tax auditor selects every 1000^th income tax return that is received. What type of sample is this and why?
2. b) The name of each contestant is written on a separate card, and the cards are placed in a bag with three names being picked from the bag. What type of sample is this and why?

4)    Is the study experimental or observation and why?

1. a) A political pollster reports that his candidate has a 10% lead in the polls with 10% undecided.

5)    Select the study that is most appropriate and EXPLAIN WHY it is most appropriate for the study.

1. a) Is the aspirin produced by a particular pharmaceutical company better than that of a competitor at relieving headaches? Which of the following would best be used to study this: 1) a case-controlled observation; 2) an observation; 3) a double-blind experimental procedure; and 4) and experimental procedure.

From Chapter One

1)    Focus on Public Health—On page 44 of the text, it discusses the Harvard Nurses’ Health Study, which is a very well-known study that has been conducted for a number of years.  Answer discussion question two at the end of the article.

Explain why the Harvard Nurses’ Health Study is an observational study. Critics sometimes say that the results would be more valid if obtained by experiments rather than observations. Discuss whether it would be possible to gather similar data by carrying out experi- ments in a practical and ethical way

 Chapter Two           

1)    Identify the following variables as either qualitative or quantitative and EXPLAIN your answers.

1. The number of people on a jury.
2. The color of your house

2)    Identify the number as either continuous or discrete and EXPLAIN your answers.

68. The average height of all freshmen entering college in a certain year is 68.4 inches.
69. The number of limbs on a 2-year-old oak tree is 21.

3)    Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate and explain your answer.

1. Temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit of the ocean at various depths.
2. The rank of individuals in the military
3. The number of people with blue, brown and red hair in a classroom

4)    Determine the following (show your work):

1. The speed of a new microprocessor is 800MHZ, but a new test of its speed gives a measurement of 820MHZ.What is the absolute error?  What is the relative error?
2. Convert 1/16 to a percent
3. Convert 0.45 to a percent
4. Humanities majors spend an average of $115 per course on books.Mathematics majors spend an average of $70 per course on books.

What is the percent difference between the two amounts relative to the amount for mathematics majors (round to the nearest percent)?

2000. Suppose that the cost of a statistics text was $50 in 1985 and is $100 in 2000.What is the “Statistics Text Index” number, rounded to the nearest tenth, for the 2000 edition with the 1985 price as the reference value?

From Chapter Two

2)    Focus on Economics—On page 76 and 77, the article looks at an important issue to everyone—the economy.  In particular it is focusing on whether our standard of living is improving.  Answer discussion question one at the back of the article.

Find examples in your own spending or the spending of friends and family of substitution effects and the purchase of products that were unavailable or lower quality a few years ago. Overall, do you think these examples support the claim that the CPI overstates the effects of inflation? Defend your opinion.

Answer

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xxxxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx Chapter One xx xxxxxxxxx whether the xxxxxxxxx group xx a population xx a sample a) xxxxx xx a randomly xxxxxxxx group xx xxx patients xxxx xxxx cholesterol, xx xxx xxxxx that xxx xxxx heart disease. Is this x xxxxxxxxxx xx a sample; explain xxxx answer. b) xx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xx xxx randomly selected xxxxx restaurants xxxxxxxxx xxxx 42% xx local xxxxxxxxxxx xxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xx xxxx x xxxxxxxxxx xx x sample; xxxxxxx xxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx – xxxxxxxx xxx of people xx things. Sample – xxxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx is obtained xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx & xxxxxxx 2009). xx xxxxxxx The patients xxx xxx set of people being xxxxxxxx However, it xx xxx x complete xxxx xx is a xxxxxx of xxx population. B. xxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx a xxxxxx xx 150 xxxxxxxx selected restaurants that were xxxxx to have xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxx violations. 2) xxxxxxxxx whether xxx given value is a xxxxxxxxx xx a xxxxxxxxxx xx A xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxx 42.7% xx xxx downtown

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file1.docx preview (1883 words)

xxxxxxxxx AND DISTRIBUTIONS 1

xxxxxxxxx AND xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Variables xxx distributions

xxxxxxx xxx

1) xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxx xx x xxxxxxxxxx or x sample

xxxxx on x xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxx xx xxx xxxxxxxx xxxx high cholesterol, xx was xxxxx xxxx xxx have heart xxxxxxxx xx xxxx x xxxxxxxxxx xx a xxxxxxx explain xxxx xxxxxxx

xx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xx 150 randomly xxxxxxxx local xxxxxxxxxxx concluded that xxx xx local restaurants xxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx code violations. Is this x xxxxxxxxxx xx x xxxxxxx explain xxxx xxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxx – complete xxx xx xxxxxx or xxxxxxx Sample – subset xxxx xxxxx data is xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx & Triola, xxxxxx

1. xxxxxxx The patients xxx the set xx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxx However, xx xx not a complete set. It is x xxxxxx xx xxx population.
2. Sample: The xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx a subset of 150 randomly selected restaurants xxxx xxxx xxxxx to xxxx serious health code xxxxxxxxxxx

Determine xxxxxxx the xxxxx xxxxx is a xxxxxxxxx xx x

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• Math homework help

For Homework 10, you will add the spot welds to the drawing for the drawer from HW09, you will create a drawer assembly, and you will create an appropriately dimensioned and annotated drawer assembly drawing.

Part 1:  Show spot welds on your Drawer-Bin drawing from HW09 (2 pts):

Unit VIII Case Study
Read the background information and scenario description in sections I and II, then answer the questions in section III. Be sure you read the complete directions for preparing your case study.
BOS 4025, OSHA Standards 3
I. Background: OSHA Standards and Bubba’s Materials Handling Equipment, Inc.
Bubba’s Materials Handling Equipment is a small corporation that employs between 38 and 55 employees throughout any given year. This firm manufactures materials handling equipment that includes small cantilever racks; hand trucks, some specially designed for moving 55-gallon drums; and various dollies commonly used in the manufacturing sector. The facility was built in 1958 and is roughly 80,000 square feet. The firm receives raw materials in the form of round metal tubing, sheet metal, square tubing, and cold and hot rolled metal rods.
Raw materials are removed from flatbed trailers using a large LP-gas-powered forklift with the assistance of smaller LPgas-powered forklifts. These materials are stored in racks in the receiving department. From there, raw materials are moved via forklift and various heavy duty carts to the fabrication department. This department cuts, punches, bends, copes, and shears the various materials into parts used to make the final product.
The metal fabrication equipment includes two iron workers, two 70-ton part revolution mechanical power punch presses, three 250-ton part revolution press brakes, a 300-ton hydraulic press, two pipe benders, a 12-foot shear, a 10-foot shear, a mill for milling a bevel on hand truck toe plates, several off-hand grinders, and two large drill presses. The fabrication department can get quite noisy for days at a time (>85dBa), especially when making cantilever racks. Two maintenance employees keep these machines running. After being cut, punched, bent, and formed, fabricated parts go to the welding department or the Work in Process (WIP) crib. WIP includes a mezzanine and an area populated with pallet racks for storage.
In the welding department, there are 12 MIG welding machines that are used by welders to assemble the parts into the pre-finished items manufactured by the firm. The welders also use an assortment of hand-held grinders and an oxyacetylene torch. Once welded, items either go in their pre-finished condition into inventory or are further processed by the painting department. Pre-finished items that are inventoried are taken to one of two mezzanines or placed in storage racks. In the painting department, items are wiped down with various solvents and hung on an overhead hook conveyor.
Items go into the paint booth where they are painted using various enamels. Xylenes and toluene are common solvents used in this operation. The paints also contain these solvents.
After painting, axles and wheels are applied, and the completed products are boxed or, depending on their size, loaded directly on trucks without packaging. Larger items, such as racks, are loaded onto flatbeds using an unmanned overhead crane controlled by a pendant control. Smaller items are typically loaded onto standard semi-trailers using battery powered forklifts or pallet jacks.
II. The Scenario:
You have been hired by Bubba himself to put together a safety program for the company. Essentially, the company has no safety programs and has never really conducted any kind of hazard assessment.
III. Questions:
1. Identify 15 of what you consider the highest priority standards that are likely to apply to this operation. Include the code number for the standard, and describe a hazard demonstrating why the standard applies (e.g., Industrial Ventilation, 1910.94. The company has a paint booth that controls paint and solvent vapors).
2. Identify four important written programs this company is required to have (keep in mind that not all standards require that you develop a written program or SOP of some sort; although, many companies develop such SOPs regardless). Explain why you believe they are required to have these written programs.
3. Identify five standards that this company is required to provide training for, and briefly describe why this training is required.
Prepare your response to the questions listed in a properly formatted APA document. The completed paper should be arranged in the appropriate questions/sections identified above. Single-spacing may be used. Please make sure that you have addressed all questions in a full and detailed manner. Include a correctly formatted APA title and reference page.

Submit a 4- to 5-page paper that addresses the following questions. Be sure to use references within the paper to support your answers. Show work for all calculations.

1. Are credit cards or debit cards money? Explain your answer.
2. Assume that the bank holds no excess reserves and that the required reserve ratio equals 10% of deposits. If a customer deposits $5,000, what would be the total increase in checking account balances throughout all banks? Explain the process by which the banking system creates money.
3. In your own words, list the Fed’s main policy tools and briefly explain each one.
4. TRUE or FALSE. “When the Fed makes an open market purchase of government securities, the quantity of money will eventually decrease by a fraction of the initial change in the monetary base.” Is the previous statement correct or incorrect? Explain your answer.

In this assignment you will be asked to consider the role of a Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer. Many large corporations have such an individual who provides leadership and oversight to the company’s business ethics related endeavors. Recall that Lockheed Martin has such an executive level position. However, not all companies have such a position. In this assignment you will be asked to discuss the role of the Ethics Officer and to do some additional research to consider what smaller organizations might do with respect to providing leadership in the area of organizational ethics.

Assignment Instructions

In this assignment please provide a short overview of your reading and describe the role of the chief ethics (and compliance) officer. Not all companies can afford to have somebody at the executive level overseeing organizational ethics. Please do some additional research and consider who you believe would assume this leadership function for a smaller corporation.

Statistics and Research in Business
It may seem strange, but did you know that the purpose of statistics is to simplify things?  It’s true.  The idea behind statistics is to condense a lot of numbers into single numbers that tell the story behind the larger set; e.g., to determine the average of all of those numbers or how they are clustered around that average (closely spaced around it, or spread out around it).
To get an idea of what is statistics, please watch the What is Statistics Video.
Please watch the “Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics” Video for a presentation on what statistics should NOT be.
Try conducting a search on your favorite search engine for the key words “statistics and business research.”  The vast array of results you will receive spans the spectrum of topics, from growth rates of the broadband markets in Brazil (Research and Markets: Brazil – Broadband Market – Overview, Statistics and Forecasts, 2012) to predicting the variables to forecast foreign exchange currency rates (Statistics; Research in the Area of Statistics Reported from Cass Business School, 2012).  The lesson here is obvious: successful businesses from all sectors of the economy are not built on whims and beliefs, but on evidence-based research.  The volume of published research indicates that statistical analysis has become a fundamental staple of corporate decision-making.  Research can be used to make decisions for marketing or financial allocations or deciding whether to consolidate or close the business.  Gathering and analyzing the data to reach concrete conclusions about the current and future conditions that your business will face is paramount.  Critical decisions need to be based on research because of the impact these decisions have on other people and other businesses.  Examples include department managers who need to justify expansion plans to corporate headquarters.  Upper management is not likely to authorize an expansion, thereby risking millions of dollars, without a reasonable level of support for the expansion.  Business research fills that need.  Likewise, CEOs and CFOs need to explain to their stockholders why decisions are made.  Using a statistical approach to the data available allows for evidence-based decisions and, therefore, evidence-based justifications for these decisions if those who have a right to explanations demand it.
Even if it is not your goal to become a statistically savvy researcher, the need to be able to read, understand, and interpret a research report is important.  Whether receiving data from a colleague or finding appropriate studies that have been performed concerning an upcoming project that your company contemplating, knowing what you are looking at and how the researchers came to their conclusions will enable you to effectively participate in discussions on these types of corporate decisions.
Now that we have established that statistical analysis is everywhere, it is time to examine how to approach learning statistics.  Later in the module lecture notes, you will see a detailed set of steps to follow.  These steps will give you a better chance of success.  The key that should be emphasized is that it cannot be learned overnight and all in one piece.  The modules break down the different analyses into segments that can be assimilated.  There are also a myriad of sources available on the Internet (search for “business statistics tutorials”). These sites can be helpful as auxiliary sources of tutorials and other beneficial information.  A little extra time spent well will pay dividends in your quest to become competent at generating, analyzing, and understanding business statistics.
Why We Study Statistics and Research in Business
In the competitive global economy of the twenty-first century, managers are challenged to make tough business decisions, such as how to keep an annual growth rate of 20 percent, how to increase employee productivity, how to improve product quality, how to cut down costs, and how to reduce the employee turnover rate.  To make such decisions correctly, managers need research, which is a systematic inquiry that provides scientific findings and conclusions to guide business decisions.  These are some of the reasons why businesses do research as identified by Jensen Zhao in “Research in Business.”
Please refer to real decision-making scenarios that illustrate the need for research in Chapter 1 of the text.
The Business Research Process
According to Zhao’s “Research in Business,” to conduct business research effectively, researchers follow a general research process of five phases and must understand their interrelationships (see Figure 1).

Figure 1
Conceptualization engages researchers in identifying a problem or topic worth studying, reviewing relevant literature to justify the need for the research, defining the purpose of the research, and phrasing the problem in writing as research questions or hypotheses, which set the scope of the research.
Research design requires that researchers transform the research concepts into operational, or measurable, terms by completing the following activities.  First, select an appropriate research method, as discussed in the previous section.  Second, determine the population of the study, its sample size, and sampling method.  Third, develop an instrument for measuring the existence, characteristics, size, quantity, and quality of the research variables with proper scales.
Research procedures in most studies consist of two common activities: reaching subjects and collecting data.  For instance, an experiment reaches subjects by putting them in either control or experiment groups to collect data, whereas a survey reaches subjects by mailing them questionnaires or telephoning them to collect data.  In addition, researchers need to indicate any limitations in the research design or procedures.
Data analysis requires researchers to sort out non-usable data, such as incomplete questionnaires or dropouts in an experiment, code and edit data to meet the computer requirements, and analyze data quantitatively or qualitatively or in combination, thereby transforming data into information, or findings, for interpretation.
Research conclusion includes discussing the significance of the findings, such as whether the hypotheses have been accepted or rejected or the research questions have been answered; addressing the theoretical, practical, or pedagogical implications; and recommending future research directions.
(Source Citation: Zhao, Jensen (2007). “Research in Business.” In Burton Kaliski (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Business and Finance, Vol. 2 (2nd ed.).  Detroit: Macmillan Reference.  4 pp. 2 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. LIRN. 23 July 2008)
The Role of Statistics in Business and Other Research
No doubt you have noticed the large number of facts and figures, often referred to as statistics, that appear in the newspapers and magazines you read, websites you visit, television you watch (especially sporting events), and in grocery stores where you shop.  A simple figure is called a statistic (singular).  A few examples are:
⦁ Home and condominium sales declined 6.5% in Charleston, South Carolina in April, 2006 compared to sales in April, 2005. (The Sun News, May 24, 2006).
⦁ Tuition and fees for resident undergraduate students at public four-year institutions averaged $5,491 for 2005-06, a 7.1%increase over 2004-05.
⦁ Pensacola reported the lowest cost for self-service regular gasoline in Florida at $2.74 per gallon (The Business Journal of Jacksonville, May 26, 2006).
⦁ The government reported that 138,000 jobs were added to the economy in April, 2006.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average was 11,094.04 on May 30, 2006.

Figure 2
You may think of statistics simply as a collection of numerical information.  However, statistics has a much broader meaning.
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making more effective decisions.  The business research process is founded on the use of statistics and statistical techniques to convert data into meaningful information.
Note that, in this definition of statistics, the initial step is the collection of pertinent information.  This information may come from newspapers or magazines, various websites, a company’s human relations director, the local, state, or federal government, universities, nonprofit organizations, the United Nations, and so on.  A few actual publications produced by the federal government and others are:
⦁ Statistical Abstract of the United States, published annually by the U.S. Department of Commerce.
⦁ Monthly Labor Review, published monthly by the U.S. Department of Labor.
⦁ Survey of Current Business, published monthly by the U.S. Department of Commerce.
⦁ Social Security Bulletin, published annually by the U.S. Social Security Administration.
⦁ Crime in the United States, published annually by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
⦁ Vital Statistics of the United States, published annually by the National Center for Health Statistics.
⦁ United Nations Statistical Databases, available from the U.N. Statistics Division.
If the information is not available from company records or public sources, it may be necessary to conduct a survey.  For example, the A.C. Nielsen Company surveys about 1200 homes on an ongoing basis to determine which TV programs are being watched and Gallup surveys registered voters before an election to estimate the percent that will vote for a certain candidate.  These firms also sample the population regarding food preference, what features in automobiles are desirable, and what appliances consumers will most likely purchase next year.

Figure 3
Statistics is required for many college programs for three reasons.
Numerical information is everywhere.  If you look in various newspapers (USA Today, Wall Street Journal) and magazines (Time, Business Week, U.S. News and World Report, People), you will be bombarded with numerical information.  You need to be able to determine if the conclusions as reported are reasonable.  Was the sample large enough?  You must be able to read and interpret the charts or graphs.
Statistical techniques are used to make decisions that affect our lives.  Insurance companies use statistics to determine the premiums you pay for automobile insurance, the Environmental Protection Agency uses various statistical tools to determine air and water quality in your area, and medical researchers use statistical designs of experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of new drug therapies.
Knowledge of statistical methods will help you understand why decisions are made and give you a better understanding of how they affect you.  No matter what line of work you select, you will find yourself faced with decisions where an understanding of data analysis is helpful.
Please watch the Statistics in Busines Research Video on how statistics can be helpful in business research.
Steps to Make Business Statistics “Easy”
Perhaps “easy” is an overstatement; however, you may find the following hints helpful as you proceed through this course:
⦁ Use frequent, short study sessions as opposed to long, once-a-week grinds.
⦁ Read the primary learning objectives for each section so that you can define small, manageable goals for your study sessions.
⦁ Read the text assignment carefully and take notes as you proceed.
⦁ Pay particular attention to the symbols and formulas used in each section.  The symbols used in statistics are its means of communicating the information gleaned from the data.  These symbols must be understood correctly, so that the problems can be “translated” from the language of statistics into a mathematical language we can use.
⦁ Carefully review the text examples that follow the explanatory material.  These examples can be used as blueprints to solve assignments and test questions.
⦁ Complete the self-review exercises that follow text sections and check your answers (provided at the end of the chapter).
Required Presentation:
Click on the link below to view the chapter presentation.
Chapter 1

Answer the questions clearly, explain your answer, and show your work.  Answers, even if right but without an explanation, will get no credit.  The explanations need to be brief, but complete, logical, and to the point.  Do not quote anybody else, use your own words.  Answer in the space provided or add lines if really needed.

Q1:      In terms of performance gains, what role does an I/O controller located inside the peripheral device perform? (50 to 100 words should be sufficient to answer this question)

Q2:      Consider the steps required to write a block of data from a disk to memory. Outline the major sequence of I/O events that must occur to make this possible.   (There are three major steps)

Q3:      What is the capacity of a hard drive (in GB) consisting of 120,000 tracks, 4,000 sectors, and 4 surfaces? Assume each block has 512 bytes.

Q4:   Explain what is meant by wear-leveling in Flash drives?

Q5:      There are two levels of scheduling. One level of scheduling determines which jobs will be admitted to the system and in what order. What does the other level of scheduling do?

Q6:      Why is it so important that access to system services by application program be controlled through APIs?

Q7:  How many 512 byte blocks are required to store a 1.6MB file?

Q8:  Describe the Bitmap method for maintaining free space on a disk.

Q9:  In servicing read and write requests for a disk, how does First-come, first-served (FCFS) scheduling work? And, why is FCFS inefficient?

Q10:  In a preemptive system, what is a ‘time-out’?

Format  please follow the report template  this is what need to be sent

Due at the end of Week 3

Review textbook Chapter 16 which involves mapping of E lines for a certain unknown charge distribution. Actually you will be mapping electrostatic (Coulomb) force lines since the electric field E is proportional to the Coulomb force by the equation (Equation 16-3) but these are equivalent to the E lines with equivalent directions and proportional magnitudes.

• This simulation can be downloaded from within your course under “PH221.Simulations”; its file name is “EXP #3 E FIELD #3.ip”.

The direction of the electric field (or Coulomb force – Total Force in this experiment) is determined by placing a small + test charge, green in color throughout these simulations, near a charged configuration and noting the direction that the test charged is accelerated.

You are free to move the small green test charge around to various locations, while noting (1) the exact location and (2) the direction of the force on that charge caused by all other charges. On the graph paper on your answer sheet, record the E field direction at the appropriate locations for the green test charge.

Try to connect the arrows in a line to form the electric field lines. These lines may not cross each other. For test charge locations, choose the corners of the squares all around the charged object(s).

-Any issues or opportunities your organization faces that affect its competitiveness and long-term profitability with regards to your product: This may include but is not limited to the following elements:

◦Price elasticity of demand

◦Technological innovation

◦The relationship between the amount

of labor & capital employed and the law of diminishing marginal productivity

◦Cost structure

•-Factors affecting variable costs, including productivity and others that change the supply of and demand for labor

•-Factors affecting fixed costs

The organization is Chrysler and its vehicles. Sorry I know this is such short notice. Thank you for all your help. APA guidelines.

Static and Dynamic Response of a Temperature Sensor

In this experiment you will calibrate and experimentally determine the time constant of a common type of temperature sensor. As shown in class, we would expect a temperature sensor to act as a first order system because a first order differential equation (based on the energy equation) governs its transient behavior. This experiment will allow you to assess whether the first order model properly describes the transient behavior of a thermistor. The thermistor sensor actually consists of two different thermistor elements. Thermistors have a non-linear resistance change with respect to temperature; however, this sensor is designed so that the two thermistor elements can be connected to a simple resistor network and provide an output voltage which varies in a linear way with temperature. The calibration constants (slope and intercept) which convert the voltage to temperature will be determined during this experiment. Procedure 1) Open LabView and access the “vi” file that you used in Experiment #1 for calibration. It will probably be easier to modify this file for use in this experiment, although you can start from scratch if you wish. The vi file must be able to read the thermistor output on channel 7 and output it to the screen. 2) Prepare an icewater bath in a beaker for use as a calibration reference. 3) The next step is to collect data to calibrate the thermistor, using a thermometer as the calibration standard. First, put both the thermistor and thermometer in the ice bath and wait about 30 seconds for thermal equilibrium to be achieved. Now run your LabView file and note the voltage reading which corresponds to zero degrees Celsius (i.e. write them down, you will need these later). The sampling rate and duration are not critical here, but you may want to scan a few values to get a sense of the average reading. Also note the thermometer reading – it is expected to read zero degrees, but if it does not the difference will give a sense as to how accurate our standard actually is. 4) Dump out the ice and fill the beaker with tap water. Repeat Step 3 while putting the thermistor and temperature in the room temperature water. 5) Now put the beaker on the hot plate and turn it on. You will record the voltage and temperature several times while the water is being heated to boiling. The purpose is to collect enough points to get a good linear plot between temperature and voltage over the 0 to 100 degree range. Stir the water slightly before recording each reading to achieve a more uniform water temperature in the beaker. 6) Minimize LabView and open EXCEL. Enter the calibration data into a worksheet and plot temperature versus voltage for the thermistor. Find the slope and intercept of the line and make a note of these values. Save the worksheet for future reference. 7) You will now have to modify your LabView file once again to accommodate the measurement of the time constant. (The file used for the second half of Experiment #1 can be used.) You will need to provide digital controls on the front panel for the slope and intercept derived in Step #6, and wire these appropriately so that the voltage value from channel 7 is converted to temperature. It is helpful to connect the temperature value to an indicator on the front panel, so these values can be monitored and checked for accuracy. You will use the thermometer to measure ambient temperature. This value can be entered into a digital control on the front panel. Then, modify the wiring diagram so that the difference in temperatures (thermistor – ambient) is calculated, followed by taking the absolute value and then the natural log. This ln(T) output should be sent to a Waveform Chart (within the For Loop structure). You should also send the ln(T) values and the time values to a Build Array icon, and then send the array to a spreadsheet file. The chart output of ln(T) on the LabView front panel is used to make a visual check of the proper data behavior – it should be linear with a negative slope when the temperature transient is being observed. You should check your calibration by entering the slope and intercept on the front panel and running the file with the thermistor in ambient air, and verifying that the temperature output reads appropriate values. 8) You will need to collect six good transient runs for the thermistor under two different conditions (giving a total of 12 runs). First, test the thermistor by heating it in water (60oC or higher) and then allowing it to cool in the ambient air. You will need to experiment with the sampling frequency and the duration (number of points) in order to get good data. Now, a word or two of explanation is given as to what “good data” means. First, as noted, it is necessary to get six “good” runs for each condition. The purpose of the multiple runs is to allow for statistical comparisons. The ln(T) plots that LabView will show should be fairly linear if the data is “good”. Generally, good data will be collected if: a) you remove the thermistor from the hot water approximately two seconds after clicking the “Run” arrow in LabView, and then hold it still, away from the heat source, for the duration of the run; b) the run duration is chosen to be long enough so that the sensor has time to cool by at least 30 degrees C; and c) the sampling frequency is chosen so that the run consists of 50 to 100 data points in the linear region. Make sure that you choose your file names so that you don’t overwrite your previous runs and you can easily identify them later. 9) The second condition is to test the thermistor by cooling it in ice water, and then exposing it to ambient air. Once again the goal is to get six good runs for statistical purposes. 10) After the data collection is complete, you are ready to analyze the EXCEL files containing the ln(T) and time values for each run. The following procedure should be used for each data file. Make an XY scatter plot of ln(T) versus time, showing only the data points (i.e. no lines connecting the points). This plot should look like the one that appeared on the screen during the data collection; i.e. it should be linear, at least over most of the range. Non-linear behavior may be seen at the beginning, during the thermistor removal, and possibly at the end, if the thermistor temperature reached values close to ambient temperature. You will have to decide what range of data best represents the cooling (or heating) process, and then perform a least squares regression calculation using the LINEST function. (It is advantageous to use LINEST because it gives us an uncertainty value for the slope.) From the slope and its uncertainty, calculate the time constant and its uncertainty for each set of data. For each data set, produce a plot which shows the data (ln(T) vs time) and the linear fit with its equation. 11) Your results and discussion should address the following points a) present the calibration results for the thermistor. Were the results linear as expected? b) then, as noted in Step #10, find the time constant and its uncertainty based on the least squares analysis for each data set (this will yield six separate values for time constant and uncertainty for the thermistor, for both cooling and heating conditions). Show representative plots for the heating and cooling conditions in the results section – the remainder of the plots can be put in the appendix. c) next, using the six time constant values for each condition, calculate the average time constant and the sample standard deviation of the six values. Note that the standard deviation of the mean, multiplied by the appropriate value of the t-factor, can be used to estimate the 95% uncertainty in the average time constant value. d) compare the uncertainties found in Step #10b with the uncertainty determined from Step #10c. These values represent two different approaches to evaluating the uncertainty in time constant. Are the values from Step #10b similar to each other? Are they smaller or larger than the value from Step #10c? Does the comparison match your expectations? e) Compare the time constants for the heating and cooling conditions. Would we expect them to be the same? Do they appear to be the same, within experimental error?