Author: chris

Pre-production and the Silent Period

by Judie Haynes

If your new English language learner is not speaking, don’t worry. Most newcomers go through a stage during which they do not produce language. This doesn’t mean they are not learning.

According to Stephen Krashen, most new learners of English will go through a silent period which is an interval of time during which they are unable or unwilling to communicate orally in the new language. The silent period may last for a few days or a year depending on a variety of factors. It occurs before ELLs are ready to produce oral language and is generally referred to as the Pre-production stage of language learning. ELLs should not be forced to speak before they are ready and we dont want to embarrass students by putting them on the spot.

ELLs need time to listen to others talk, to digest what they hear, to develop receptive vocabulary, and to observe their classmates interactions. When they do speak, we want the speech to be real and purposeful instead of contrived. This does not mean your students are not learning. They may understand what is being said, but they are not yet ready to talk about it.

What determines the length of the” silent period?” There are several factors involved. First, personality plays a key role. A normally shy and quiet youngster in native language is usually going to take longer before they feel comfortable speaking. Native culture will also play a role. In many cultures, for example, girls are not expected to speak out. They play a more passive role in family and classroom dynamics.

Teacher instruction is also an important factor in the length of the silent period. If the teacher provides “hands-on” activities and has students interact in small groups, ELLs will be able to participate in the life of the classroom a lot sooner. They will feel more confident in risking oral language. It should not be assumed that young learners of English do not feel embarrassment or shyness when attempting to speak in a second language.

The Pre-production Stage of Language Learning

Your students are learning during this silent, pre-production stage. They are acquiring language every day.
They may have up to 500 words in their receptive vocabulary.
New learners of English can listen attentively and they may even be able to copy words from the board.
They will be able to respond to pictures and other visuals.
They can understand and duplicate gestures and movements to show comprehension.
Choral reading and Total Physical Response methods will work well with them.
English language learners at this stage will need much repetition of English.
They will benefit from a buddy who speaks their language.
Teachers should focus attention on listening comprehension activities and on building a receptive vocabulary.

Related Links

How long does it take to learn English?
The most frequently asked question of ESL professionals by mainstream teachers, administrators, and even politicians concerns how long it should take English language learners to acquire English.

Understanding Second Language Terminology
Do you need to teach ESL methodology to your mainstream teachers and administrators? There are some essential terms that they need to know in order to understand basic second language acquisition theory.

Comprehensible Input and Output
How do newcomers learn English? Can they soak up language by sitting in the mainstream classroom? Learn how Comprehensible Input and Output are important to the acquisition of a second language.

Stages of Second Language Acquisition
All new learners of English progress through the same stages to acquire language. However, the length of time each students spends at a particular stage may vary greatly.

Explaining BICS and CALP
Classroom teachers need to understand the difference between social language and academic language acquisition. Here is a simple description of BICS and CALP as theorized by Jim Cummins.

How Culture Shock Affects Newcomers
Don’t underestimate the results of culture shock. The emotional upheaval of moving can be devastating to any child. These symptoms are compounded when the child comes from a different culture and does not speak English.

Language Acquisition vs. Language Learning
Should grammar be taught to young elementary age English language learners? Learn what the difference is between language acquisition and language learning.

Research the silent period and pre-emergent or emergent strategies. Find a lesson plan on the Internet or one you have previously written. Integrate strategies for supporting ELL students at the silent period and pre-emergent or emergent level. Write a 350- to 700-word summary that discusses: The definition of the silent period and pre-emergent or emergent level. How strategies used in the lesson will support students at this level Cite all sources consistent with APA guidelines. Present the assignment in a formal, APA-stylepaper, using word processing software. The use of first person is not appropriate for this assignment

In this module you will have an opportunity to demonstrate your understanding of Absorption and Variable Closing and their application in the aviation industry.

For this Case Study complete the three requirements below:

1. A supplier of aircraft parts to an aircraft manufacturer has noticed an increase in inventory. As a result of this, will absorption costing or variable costing income be greater for the supplier? Explain why?
2. You are a management analyst for XYZ aircraft manufacturing company. Your company is considering either to use absorption costing or variable costing for internal financial analysis. Which method would you recommend and why would you recommend it?
3. Refer to Case 8-43 at the end of Chapter 8.

• Build or use an existing Excel Spreadsheet and complete requirements 2, 3, and 4.
• Comment on the results obtained from requirements 2, 3, and 4.
• The spreadsheet must accompany the submission.

For this case study, you will demonstrate your ability to correctly calculate the problem and demonstrate creative thinking by analyzing the case and answering the questions that are intended to interpret the data. Please refer to the case study section of the syllabus for additional guidance and your Case Study Rubric to review the criteria that will be used to

Question 1.1. Rank butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3), butanoic acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH), and pentane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3) in order of increasing boiling point. (From lowest to highest.) (Points : 3)
butane < butanoic acid < pentane
butane < pentane < butanoic acid
butanoic acid < pentane < butane
pentane < butanoic acid < butane
Question 2.2. Choose the equilibrium constant that indicates the greatest relative amount of reactant concentration at equilibrium. (Points : 3)
1.1 x 10–7
2.3 x 107
6.7 x 102
8.3 x 10–2
Question 3.3. Which of the following is the conjugate acid of NH3? (Points : 3)
NH2-
NH4+
HNO3
H3O+
Question 4.4. What volume of 0.200 M HCl is required to completely neutralize 50.00 mL of 0.150 M KOH? (Points : 3)
7.50 mL
50.0 mL
66.7 mL
37.5 mL
Question 5.5. The fluid mosaic model proposes that (Points : 3)
membranes can move like a fluid.
proteins are embedded into the cell membrane.
materials that are fluid move across a membrane.
the composition of membranes includes a mosaic fluid
Question 6.6. The IUPAC name of the molecule below is

(Points : 3)
hydroxyl -2,4-dichlorocyclohexene
3,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol
1,3-dichlorophenol
Question 7.7. Which of the following is the conjugate base of the acid, carbonic acid?
(Points : 3)
H2CO3
H2O
H3O+
HCO3–
Question 8.8. How many alkane constitutional isomers exist with the formula C5H12? (Points : 3)
2
3
4
more than 5
Question 9.9. The side chain of the amino acid tyrosine is shown here.
The side chain is classified as ___. (Points : 3)
nonpolar
polar-acidic
polar-basic
polar-neutral
Question 10.10. Which of the following lipids is not derived from cholesterol? (Points : 3)
progesterone
thromboxane
cortisol
testosterone

51.Which is an α-amino acid?

*a)
b)
c)
d)
Question 11.11. Antacids may contain which ion to reduce acidity? (Points : 3)
Na+
CO32–
Al3+
Cl–
Question 12.12. In which of the following levels of protein structure can hydrogen bonding NOT play a role? (Points : 3)
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
Question 13.13. What is the pH of a solution in which [H3O]+ is 2.2 x 10-12
M? (Points : 3)
2.34
4.54 x 10-3
11.66
8.42
Question 14.14. What level of protein structure is not disturbed by denaturing? (Points : 3)
tertiary structure
primary structure
secondary structure
quaternary structure
Question 15.15. The pH of a 1.25 x 10-3 M NaOH solution is: (Points : 3)
2.90
7.00
11.1
3.10
10.9
Question 16.16. What is the concentration of [H3O+] in an aqueous solution when the [OH-] is 5.2 x 10-9 M? (Points : 3)
1.9 x 10-6 M
5.7 M
1.0 x 10-14 M
9.8 x 10-9 M
Question 17.17. The element found in the center of the heme prosthetic group is ___. (Points : 3)
iron
sulfur
nitrogen
carbon
Question 18.18. The Ka
for the reaction of acetic acid and water shown below is 1.8 x 10-5.
Which of the following statements is true at pH 7? (Points : 3)
there is much more acetic acid than acetate ion
there is more acetate ion than acetic acid
the concentration of acetate ion is equal to that of acetic acid
the pH is lower than pKa of acetic acid
Question 19.19. Which of the following statements is true about alkanes? (Points : 3)
alkanes contain polar bonds
alkanes are attracted to one another by London forces
alkanes are polar molecules
alkanes are unsaturated hydrocarbons
Question 20.20. The structure of glycerophospholipids contains (Points : 3)
a phosphate group, glycerol, three fatty acids, and a sugar molecule.
a phosphate group, glycerol, two fatty acids, and an alcohol molecule.
a phosphate group, a cyclic carbon ring, and variable numbers of fatty acids.
a phosphate group, a carbohydrate molecule, an alcohol, and fatty acids.
Question 21.21. Kw, the equilibrium constant for the ionization of water by the equation below, is 1.0 x 10-14. What does that mean when we are considering pure water?
(Points : 3)
More ions exist than water molecules.
The majority of the molecules present are in the form of H2O.
The amount of water is the same as the amount of the ions present.
There will always be more hydronium ions present than water at equilibrium.
Question 22.22. Carbon must form how many bonds? (Points : 3)
1
2
3
4
Question 23.23. What is the function of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)? (Points : 3)
To interrupt the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid.
To interfere with the production of anabolic steroids.
To facilitate the production of cyclooxygenase.
To stimulate the production of leukotrienes.
Question 24.24. You produce 500 mL of a 0.001 M HClO4, which ionizes completely in water. What is the pH you should expect? (Points : 3)
pH = 0.5
pH = 3.0
pH = 2.7
pH = 500
Question 25.25. The α-helix and β-pleated sheet are both forms of the ___ structure of proteins. (Points : 3)
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
Question 26.26. The ethylammonium ion, CH3CH2NH3+ has a pKa of 10.81. It reacts with water to form ethylamine, CH3CH2NH2
and H3O+ as shown below.

Which of the following statements is true at pH 7? (Points : 3)
ethylammonium ion predominates
ethylamine predominates
the concentration of ethylamine equals that of ethylammonium ion
the pH is higher than pKa of the ethylammonium ion
Question 27.27. Which of the following is the conjugate acid of the bicarbonate ion, HCO3-? (Points : 3)
H2CO3
CO32-
CO2
H3O+
Question 28.28. A solution in which the concentration of H+ is greater than the concentration of OH- will (Points : 3)
have a pH greater than 7.0 and be basic.
have a pH less than 7.0 and be basic.
have a pH greater than 7.0 and be acidic.
have a pH less than 7.0 and be acidic.
Question 29.29. Whenever an equilibrium constant, Keq, has a value greater than 1, which of the following statements is true at equilibrium? (Points : 3)
The concentration of reactants is greater than the concentration of the products.
The concentration of products is the same as the concentration of reactants.
The concentration of the products is greater than the concentration of the reactants.
Relative composition of reaction mixture cannot be predicted.
Question 30.30. The term commonly used for a chain of amino acids 100 units long is ___. (Points : 3)
peptide
oligopeptide
polypeptide
centapeptide
Question 31.31. Which material would be effective for neutralizing a minor acid spill? (Points : 3)
soap solution
vinegar solution
baking soda
household ammonia
Question 32.32. One characteristic of basic solution is that (Points : 3)
the solution would turn litmus red.
the solution would have a slippery feel to it.
the solution would have a sour taste.
the solution would dissolve some metals.
Question 33.33. Give the correct IUPAC name for the following molecule:
(Points : 3)
3, 4-Dimethylpentane
2,3-Dimethyl heptane
2,3-Dimethylpentane
1,1,2-Trimethylpentane
Question 34.34. A Ka
can be calculated for some chemical reactions. The Ka is (Points : 3)
the Keq for the reaction to the right.
the Keq for the reaction to the left.
the Keq for the dissociation of an acid.
the pH of a very weak solution.
Question 35.35. The equation:

has the following equilibrium constant expression. (Points : 3)

eate a 5- to 7-slide presentation in which you address the following:

• Explain the issues you identified while researching existing community based programs.

• Describe your proposed program.

• Explain why you designed the program the way you did and explain what you hope the program will accomplish.

Note. Include detailed speaker notes with each slide.

(The only source allowed for this paper is a chapter from a book I will provide)

I need a summary of a chapter that I will upload for an Introduction to Environmental Engineering class. The professor wants to make sure I read the chapter, so please summarize briefly.
In the conclusion please state how this chapter reflect your learning and why it’s an important chapter.

The starting points for designing a protocol for your hypothetical research have been fed along during the course, progressing from the annotated bibliography and literature review to the grant proposal which you will be writing for this module.
The grant proposal is an individual assignment. However, you may use the group discussion forum for sharing ideas and providing constructive feedback on each other’s project. Peer Review forum is encouraged.
It is important to use the Foundation Center’s Proposal Writing Short Course as a fundamental tool in completing this assignment. This tutorial discusses the fundamental elements of a grant proposal and will help you organize your proposal to create a well-designed and thorough project. We have also provided you numerous resources to guide you as you write a concise and well-crafted research proposal.

Note: Although it is important for you to review the budgeting and organizational information portions of the tutorials and resources, you will not be required to include these sections in your grant proposal. Creating an expense budget takes experience and knowledge of organizational budgets and salaries of personnel who would contribute to the research project. This can be a complicated procedure and is beyond the scope of this course. Additionally, organizations such as non-profit groups, community health centers, health departments, etc., apply for grants to help support their programs, and the organizational section of grant proposals allow these organizations to describe their mission, vision, goals, and strategic plans.
You will complete the following content for this lesson topic:
PowerPoint presentation: Short Course: http://foundationcenter.org/getstarted/tutorials/shortcourse/index.html
Read   Writing and Funding a Research Proposal  (chapter 19.  Hulley, Cummings, Browner, Grady, and Newman.  2007)
Supplemental web sources for more information describing and guidance on writing a grant proposal.
Complete this NIH Grant Tutorials
Read CFDA Developing a Grant Proposal
Read Columbia University – Writing a Grant Proposal
Read Elements of Writing Style

Lesson Topic 2: Grant requests
Here is the template to use for this assignment: Grant Proposal Example Template.pdf The template explains the sections required for your proposal. If you have any questions about the format please post a message in the Q & A Discussion Forum or send an email.

Grant Proposal Protocol
A grant proposal could be submitted to Hahn R&D Enterprises in order to fund the ongoing research that evaluates the risk/benefit analysis of using fibrinolytic therapy within in-patient and outpatient hospital settings. The grant proposal would request funding to conduct an ongoing retrospective study of clinical outcomes of patients that received fibrinolytic therapy by paramedics that presented with heart attack symptoms in the field prior to arrival at rural hospitals in North West Florida and South Alabama.

When researchers submit a grant proposal, the process of being awarded funds is extremely competitive. Here are three grading elements that help you sell your idea:

1) Accuracy and precision (no false claims)

2) Presentation of the argument why your project should be funded over the other grant proposals received by Hahn R&D Enterprises for funding (but not fancy or artful fluff, use the template provided). Grantors will not like your proposal if it does not use the provided template or specific directed format.

3) Proposal and Research Protocol Design (local flow of information).
Module 14
Lesson Topic 3: Proposal essay information/assignment sheet

Now that you have learned research designs and methods, and read many published research articles, you get the chance to apply your knowledge.
Essay Assignment Tips:
Use the rubrics, grant proposal template and example, and grant proposal checklist to ensure you fulfill the project expectations. It is encouraged you print, these documents and have them nearby as you write your proposal. Essay expectations and grading criterion are listed in the rubrics.
Write the executive summary last.
Know and use APA format, in every manner. Print off and use the APA “Cheatsheet”. This document will help ensure you are using APA correctly.
Review/edit for sentence structure and logic.
As in The Art of War by Sung Tzu, “Know thy enemy.”
You are to design a hypothetical research project and propose it to a funding source. You will be asking for funding (research grant) so you could (hypothetically) conduct (or continue) your research.
So far in this course you have completed the following tasks:
Searched for and found full text PubMed articles concerning one or two specific medical treatment techniques for acute myocardial infarction (MI).
Created an individual annotated bibliography for one article reporting Fibrinolytic treatment or Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), or a compare/contrast of each.
Reported who did what, where (population), when, why, how, as well as the most significant findings in your annotation.
Your group submitted a combined Annotated Bibliography.  You received lots of feedback, and read the entire graded product, thus becoming familiar with other Fibrinolytic or PCI articles.
Wrote an individual review of the literature (Fibrinolytic &/or/vs PCI) by critically reading and fully expanding your annotated bibliography. You reflected on how your article relates to others in this topic (using other group members’ annotated bibliographies). Your literature review discussed the strength of the evidence, described research findings, strengths and limitations, biases, and how the research compares/contrasts with others. You also discovered connections and gaps in knowledge of the topic, likely thinking, “Why doesn’t someone research _______?”
Now you fill in the _____.  What problem, or oversight would you solve?  What question would you answer?  Discuss how your originally chosen article and others, lead you to formulate an interest, shaped your argument, and  how you think about the topic of Fibrinolytic therapy and PCI.

We are all at some level of risk for a MI. There are numerous risk factors for MI including family history, dietary intake, physical activity levels, cholesterol and lipid levels, and pre-existing chronic diseases (i.e. hypertension).  Consider the following questions:

If you were to have an MI and called 911 for EMS, which treatment would you prefer? Why?
If you lived in a rural area would your preference change? Why or why not?
Would you want an EMT to thread a balloon in you at your house or wait for the balloon  at a Cardiac Surgical Unit?
Would fibrinolytic pill or IV be sufficient?

Here is the Assignment:
Identify a research method (review Module 5: Research Designs) that could be used to conduct new or further research on the topic of “Outcomes of fibrinolytic therapy versus PCI”.  Use your literature review on the Outcomes of fibrinolytic therapy versus PCI to discuss the background on the research previously conducted on this topic placed in the “Statement of Need” Section of your proposal.
Optional but encouraged: Go to you group lab discussion area and develop ideas for your grant proposal. These can be original or drawn from the example below. Help each other out and come up with something spectacular.
1) Develop and submit to the Grant Proposal Dropbox a well written, carefully crafted grant proposal to obtain funding for the project if the proposal is selected by the donating agency (Hahn R&D enterprises).
2) Complete only the following sections of the proposal, using the Proposal Short course as a guide:
Executive Summary
Statement of Need
Project Description
Conclusion
Note: You do not need to provide research budgets/financials and organizational information which is covered in the tutorial.
The proposal will be a minimum of 6 pages, you may use the following as a guide:
Executive Summary (at least 1/2 page)
Statement of Need (1 page)
Project Description (3 pages)
Conclusion (at least 1 page).
The research proposal is unrestricted and the angle of the study is open to your ideas. In an attempt to get you on the right track, consider the following example or you are free to talk about topics with your lab mates (the writing of the grant will be an individual project though).

Example
A grant proposal could be submitted to Hahn R&D Enterprises in order to fund the ongoing research that evaluates the risk/benefit analysis of using fibrinolytic therapy in the out of the hospital setting. The grant proposal would request funding to conduct an ongoing retrospective study of clinical outcomes of patients that received fibrinolytic therapy by Paramedics when patients present with heart attack symptoms in the field prior to arrival at rural hospitals in North West Florida and South Alabama.
Topic Background: In cases where a patient suffers from a “heart attack” (myocardial infarction”) a blood clot blocks the vital arteries in the heart from circulating blood, ultimately starving the heart of much needed oxygen. If the infarct is not reversed quickly, the outcome will result in the death of the patient. There are two fundamental methods to remove the lethal blood clot from the vital arteries of the heart and restore blood circulation:
1) Fibrinolytic Therapy- A medication to break down the clot
2) Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)- Coronary Angioplasty, mechanical re-perfusion by the placement of stints and other techniques
As you write your grant proposal, keep in mind the following:
Knowing the rules and expectations makes meeting the standards easier. Use the rubric and guidelines to ensure your paper will be good. Use of APA format and college level (upper division) use of written English are expected for this assignment.
Use the UWF Library and Writing Lab Resources, they are helpful.

Exploring Theoretical Underpinnings of a Project
Philosophies, models, and theories are the backbones of any project.
Research three peer-reviewed articles where philosophies, models, or theories are used that align with their project (one article for each level of knowledge).
Create an annotated bibliography on each article, formatted according to APA guidelines.

Project -Postpartum depression and retention of nurses in mother baby unit.

Ive already completed the Essay but my Proffs asked me to do a few more things.
-Instead of talking about all North myths and the affects of women, ttry to mention at least one specifically (Frigg goddess) and how her importance affected the importance of women in Scandinavia today.

– Try to state why Stories are important, a few sentences would be fine, like a intro or something.

and sources used please put it in the end in chronological order

Using The Trouble with Wilderness by William Cronon as a seed text, identify an intellectual problem that this article raises (either implicitly or explicitly). Find and close read one exhibit(or twotopically related exhibits) that emblematizes, addresses, or complicates this problem. Write a persuasive essay that makes a strong main claim that is supported by the once tsandevidencefrom seven to nine sources. The essay should show familiarity with the work of experts and engage in the current scholarly conversation. Document sources using the MLA in-text citation method.
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Added on 17.11.2015 22:43
PROGRESSION 3ASSIGNMENT: RESEARCHED ARGUMENTUsing The Trouble with Wilderness by William Cronon as a seed text, identify an intellectual problem that this article raises (either implicitly or explicitly). Find and close read one exhibit(or two topically related exhibits) that emblematizes, addresses, or complicates this problem. Write a persuasive essay that makes a strong main claim that is supported by the concepts and evidence from seven to nine sources. The essay should show familiarity with the work of experts and engage in the current scholarly conversation. Document sources using the MLA in-text citation method. Goals:Continue to work on the goals from the first two assignments: using the introduction to orient the reader and identify an intellectual problem embodied in an appropriate exhibit, formulating a strong main claim, establishing a clear motive, maintaining a coherent structure, supporting your argument with evidence and reasons, writing in a fluent and clear style, smoothly integrating argumentand theoretical sources, explaining key terms, having an interesting and informative title. Contextualize your exhibit by framing it within a specific genre, class, trend, debate, and scholarly conversation. Make sure that the stance of your argument is clearthat readers know where your essay stands in the scholarly conversation. Analyze pertinent aspects of your exhibit(s) in order to draw cogent conclusions. Offer an analysis of argument and theoretical sources, interpreting their central claims, evaluating their arguments, and explaining their significance in terms of your own claim. Reflecton and complicate your argument: consider counter evidence, counter arguments, anomalies,and draw out implications. Have an interesting and informative title. Adhere to all relevant formatting guidelines described in the course syllabus.The final draft must be between 2400 and 3000 words.

After reviewing the interview Thomas White, Former CEO, please answer these questions:(1) What do you feel the most important role the hospital CEO has in the organization?. (2) According to Mr. White, what was his most important focus? (3) Mr. White commented on his involvement with the budgeting process in the hospital. What was his involvement? (4) What type of strategic planning was Mr. White involve with? What was the strategic plan that he worked on prior to his retirement? With this project, describe what happened.(5) How was Mr. White involved with the Chairman of the Board of Directors? (6)What did Mr. White find most enjoyable with his position of CEO? Least enjoyable? (7) After viewing the interview, was there anything that surprised you about the position of CEO? (8) What type of characteristics did Mr. White identify that were important in a health care administrator? (9) What advice did he give you as a student in health care administration? (10) What follow-up questions do you have for Mr. White?
Logon rmu.edu/blackboard, username: jabst156, pw: Comsaf2003. select HSAM1500 for week 5 assignment readings and resources