Physiological and psychological responses to illness and
treatment modalities
Analysis of physiological and psychological responses to illness and treatment modalities
In the human body, the level of sodium and potassium level vary with small margins of between (±12 mEq/L). Potassium is important and it is both a mineral and an electrolyte that helps in regulation of minerals-water balance in the body as well as enhancing functioning of muscles and nerves. Even though, the level of sodium and potassium are closely related, at times there is drastic difference in their levels. The level of sodium and potassium in Smiths, body may have differed because of the reasons below:
In human body, endocrine urinary and circulatory systems work together in maintaining these narrow normal ranges of these substances. The reason that causes low level of potassium is associated with medical conditions. Kidney disease hinders the normal functioning of the kidney, which contributes, or alters the level of potassium in the body. Kidney regulates the amount of sodium and potassium to be retained and excreted in the urine (Lemann, Pleuss & Gray, 1993). For instance, when renal system fails to perform well, it causes kidney to reabsorb sodium in order to conserve water in the human body. This therefore causes reduction of potassium.
Another cause is the consumption of high burns. This causes reduction in total body water, which leads to increased levels of sodium and reduced potassium because they are found in cells. Medication also affects the level of potassium in the body. For instance, use of loop diuretics reduced total body water leading to increased level of sodium and reduces potassium levels. Excess fluid are removed from the body and blood pressure is reduced when lop diuretics are used.
Question two
White blood cells in a women urinalysis results is an indication that the women is suffering from cystitis or pyelonephritis. Urine does not contain blood cells and any presence of these white blood cells in urine sample is an indication that there is infection or inflammations within the kidney or the urinary tract. Cystitis affects bladder and usually leads to presence of white blood cells in the urine of a person suffering from the disease (Merck, 2007). Likewise, Pyelonephritis affects the kidney and is more severe than cystitis. The diseases are caused by bacteria infections and can lead to death if not treated. To determine whether the woman has cystitis or pyelonephritis, a number of diagnosis and tests must be carried out. Furthermore, symptoms may be investigated to be able to determine specific disease that the woman suffers from. In case of cystitis, screening of the urine will help to tell that the woman has either of the disease (Gupta et al 2011, p. 561). Symptoms will then be investigated. If the woman is suffering from cystitis, there will be bladder spasms, there is a sense of urinating every after few minutes and the woman should be feeling some pain above her pubic bone.
In case of pyelonephritis, two common tests will be conducted to determine whether the kidney has infections, the urine specimens will be examined under a microscope and culturing bacteria to determine the kind of bacteria in the blood. Symptoms will also be scrutinized such as chills, pains in the lower part of the woman back on either of the side nausea and vomiting. The woman may also be experiencing some of the symptoms of cystitis, pain when urinating,
Referencing
Lemann, J., Pleuss, J., & Gray, W. (1993). Potassium causes calcium retention in healthy adults. J Nut, 123:1623– 1626.
Gupta, K et al (2011). Executive Summary: International Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis and Pyelonephritis in Women: A 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 52 (5):561-564.
Merck, T. (2007). Manual: Bladder Infection (Cystitis)
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