VPMA93 Lecture 6 – Music and Meaning
blues – an expressive, soulful style of singing that emerged from the African American spiritual and work song at the end of the nineteenth century
blue note – the lowered third, seventh and sometimes fifth degrees of the otherwise major scale; the degree of inflection may vary considerably
Krzysztof Penderecki, Threnody: To the Victims of Hiroshima
Sound effects:
quarter-tone interval (half the size of a half step)
tone clusters
playing the highest note possible on the instrument
playing with the bow on the bridge of the violin
playing with the bow above the fingerboard of the violin
playing with the wood of the bow
playing on the tailpiece of the instrument
striking the string with the wood of the bow
striking the upper sounding board of the violin with the nut of the bow or the finger tips
slow and fast vibrato
Section 1 (0:35) – high pitched dissonant clusters
Section 2 (1:58) – varied texture of multiple sound effects in rapid succession
Section 3 (2:51) – sustained tones and quarter-tone clusters linked with glissandos
Section 4 (7:13) – isolated pitches and various sound effects
Section 5 (8:07) – unison sound effects and clusters that lead to the final climactic chord
tone cluster – a highly dissonant, closely spaced collection of pitches sounding simultaneously
glissando – a continuous or sliding movement from one pitch to another
Listening List
Barack Obama, Amazing Grace: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IN05jVNBs64
Krzysztof Penderecki, Threnody: To the Victims of Hiroshima (1960): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HilGthRhwP8
An accompanying video describes the variety of playing techniques required to perform this piece: http://youtu.be/2DD7gzDYBgY
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