Annotated Bibliography: Effects of Cell Phone Use
Foss, Ph.D., R., & Goodwin, M.A., A. (2014). Distracted driver behaviors and distracting conditions among adolescent drivers: Findings from naturalistic driving study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(5), S50-S60. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.01.005
Research conducted by Foss, and Goodwin (2014) investigates common driving distractors with adolescent drivers. The study began by using 52 vehicles belonging to high school students and equipping them with “unobtrusive event-triggered data recorders that collect 20 second clips of video, audio, and vehicle kinematic information when triggered” (Foss, Goodwin, 2014) for a period of six months. The findings concluded that cell phone use, grooming, adjusting vehicle controls were common distractors found with the adolescent subjects without passengers. With passengers the young drivers engaged in loud conversations, playing with radio controls, and horseplay were found to be quite common. These common somewhat traditional distractions cause the drivers attention to be diverted elsewhere besides the roadway leading to slower braking response as well as lane shifting, which is what happens generally while talking and texting on a cell phone. This study is important for my paper to show that distractors such as the cell phone, talking to passengers, listening to music all have the same effect on the driver. The method in which the researchers used real world situations with modern technology has reinforced my ideas for my paper.
Haigney, D., Taylor, R., & Westerman, S. (2000). Concurrent mobile (cellular) phone use and driving performance: Task demand characteristics and compensatory processes. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 113-121.
The simulator based study performed by Haigney, Taylor, and Westerman, (2000) used 30 participants; 13 male and 17 female with an average age of 27 years, who had been driving for at least a year, all of which were experienced with hands-free and handheld cell phones. Less than half had admitted to talking on the phone and driving recently. The simulator consisted of both manual and automatic transmission cars with a real life feel. After the participants filled out the basic questionnaire where they were asked simple demographical information they were then to sit in the simulator car and prepare to drive and talk on the phone, hands free and hand held. The results of this study showed an increase in heart rate when certain situations arose while subjects were on the phone. Those subjects who were driving a manual transmission car did not change gears, and those driving automatic were too preoccupied with the conversation that they show slower reaction times in braking and accelerating. This study is pertinent in proving that both hands-free and handheld cell phones give the exact results when used while driving.
KAREKLAS, I., & MUEHLING, D. D. (2014). Addressing the Texting and Driving Epidemic: Mortality Salience Priming Effects on Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 48(2), 223-250. doi:10.1111/joca.12039
Kareklas, and Muehling, (2014) describe distracted driving as any activity that prevents a driver from being fully attentive while operating a motor vehicle. Studies they have investigated shows that drivers who text and drive are more likely to be in an automobile accident then those who talk on a hand held or hands free device, and compare texting and driving to drinking alcoholic beverages and operating a motor vehicle. Kareklas and Muehling conducted two studies, study one consisted of 52 student participants within the age range of 18-49 years of age, living in the South, North East, and the Midwest of Asian, Caucasian, African American, Hispanic and other nationalities; half of the subjects were female and half were male. The participants were asked questions relating to the opinion about texting and driving (behavioral intentions questions) do they text and drive a motor vehicle today? Would they text and drive in the future? Many subjects stated they would text and drive in the future as they felt they were still able to control the vehicle. Some subjects stated they would not due to the dangers associated with texting and driving. The point to this study was to find out if recent advertisements associated with the dangers of texting and driving have an effect on young drivers. Many of the drivers in this study believe that there are dangers and risks involved with texting and driving, but they still feel in control of their car. The study included specific demographics and a range of participants to include a reasonable cross section of the nation. Study two was a follow up to study one, using the same demographics, and number of participants. In study two Kareklas and Muehling, (2014), use images to ignite the fear of texting and driving. The participants were shown images on a screen of the effects of being a distracted driver. They were then asked questions like those in study one to investigate if visualizing the dangers of texting and driving had an effect on the subjects. The answer that was reached in this study is the participants did react to the visual prompts and many agreed that being a distracted driver could result in death. This article would fit in with my paper because the researchers actually investigate the psychological factors that may contribute to this behavior.
Rumschlag, G., Palumbo, T., Martin, A., Head, D., George, R., & Commissaris, R. (2015). The effects of texting on driving performance in a driving simulator: The influence of driver age. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 74, 145-149. doi:10.1016/aap.2014.10.009
Research conducted by Rumschlag, Palumbo, Martin, Head, George and Commissaris examines the influence of the driver’s age and other factors on the disruptive effects of texting and driving on simulated driving behavior. Rumschlag, et al, (2015) stated that driver’s within the age of 31-44 years old experienced drivers are less affected by distractors than younger inexperienced drivers. However older drivers with ages ranging from 60-73 are affected by distractors equal to that of a young unexperienced driver. The study directed by Rumschlag, et al uses participants with ages ranging from 18-24; this age is associated with the texting generation, with 27 females and 23 males each with a different skill level of texting. The study begins in a simulated environment, a fully equipped virtual driving experience. The object of the study was to investigate if the participants were able to stay in their designated lane as they were text messaging. The study revealed that during periods of texting subjects did in fact leave their designated lane. In the beginning of this study the researchers state that mature drivers those in the age range of 31-44 are more experienced and are less affected by distractors. Younger drivers, those as young as 16 years of age were said to be most distracted. According to the simulator the younger drivers deviated less often while texting and driving than the mature drivers. This article would fit in with my paper to respond to different factors that play a part in the distracted driver. To also prove that accidents caused by using a hand held, hands free, cell phone to talk on or text message while driving may not just be caused by a younger generation it is an epidemic that occurs with all ages. In some situations younger and older drivers; those who fit into the 60-73 age range, have a delayed reaction time with their braking abilities, but the younger drivers are able to text and drive, according to this study, and remain more often in their lane. Text messaging comes more natural to teenagers, whereas mature drivers have to look at their phones to type, send and read.
Strayer, D. L., Drews, F. A., & Crouch, D. J. (2006). A comparison of the cell phone driver and the drunk driver. Human Factors, 48(2), 381-91. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/216443961?accountid=34899
Research conducted by Strayer, Drews, and Crouch (2006), is very pertinent in proving the point that talking on a hand held or hands-free cell phone has the same effects on a driver as driving while intoxicated at the legal limit of alcohol consumption. The study used forty participants; twenty-five men and fifteen women with ages ranging from early twenties to mid-thirties. Further stipulations were that the participants must have a valid driver’s license with an average of eight years of driving, and subjects must be social drinkers consuming between three and five drinks per week. For this study a simulated environment was used, consisting of a high resolution screen with a one hundred and eighty degree field view, with realistic scenes and traffic conditions. The participants were to follow a pace car, and brake and accelerate as needed while talking on a cell phone; hands free or hand held. To test the comparison of cell phone usage to alcohol consumption participants in a separate demonstration were given an alcoholic beverage, orange juice with vodka (40%). The research determined that there was no difference in performance between the hands-free and hand held device. Reaction time for both cell phone usage was impaired with slower braking reaction, and following distance increased therefore causing more rear-end accidents. Alcohol consumption participants showed a more aggressive approach with their driving; following too close and harsher breaking patterns. The study in my opinion should have used more participants to get a better average for the population. However the study itself did not change my mind or influence any ideas that I might have for my paper. Driving is a serious task, and this research verified my opinion of talking on the cell phone and driving a motor vehicle. Impairment is impairment whether it be from a cell phone or alcohol use either and get behind the wheel of a motor vehicle you are taking the chance of taking someone’s life.
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