Syllogisms in Ordinary

 Syllogisms in Ordinary

Translate the syllogism into standard form and test their validity

2. Some metals are rare and costly substances, but no welder’s materials are rare and costly substances. The above argument can be translated into ordinary standard form.

The argument contains three terms that need to be translated. The answer simply is welder’s materials are not rare and costly except some metals. The conclusion is in the positive form unlike the negative premise hence it is not valid.

3. Some Asian nations were nonbelligerent, because all belligerents were allies of either Germany or Britain and some Asian nations were not allies of either Germany or Britain.

The argument translated into standard form would read. All belligerents were allies of either Germany or Britain except some Asian nations. The conclusion some Asian nations were nonbelligerent is in the negative state just as the negative premise. Hence, it has not broken the rule of syllogism. The syllogism argument is valid.

4. Some nondrinkers are athletes, because no drinkers are persons in perfect physical condition and some people in perfect physical condition are not non-athletes.

The standard form of the argument when translated would appear as all athletes are non-drinkers but some non-drinkers are not athletes. The conclusion some non-drinkers are athletes is in the negative form and one of the premises is in the negative form. Hence, the syllogism is valid. One of the rules of validity states that the negative premises if present should bear a negative conclusion.

Translate the propositions into standard form

2. She never drives her car at work.

The standard-form translation is all times she goes to work are times she does not drive her car. In the above situation the parameter is not temporal.

3. He walks where he chooses.

The standard form translation of the proposition will be written as most places where he walks are the places he chooses. The parameters used are not temporal instead; use of words like “places” is introduced.

4. He always orders the most expensive item on the menu.

The standard translation of the proposition would read as all the times he makes an order from the menu are the times he orders the most expensive item. The word “times”, which appears on both the subject and the predicament, is termed as a parameter.

Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, standard form and order of enthymeme.

2. Abraham Beame….campaigned for mayor- as has been mentioned in recent weeks more often and with more irony than he might have wished- on the slogan “If you do not know the buck, you don’t know the job and Abe know the work.” – The New Yorker, 26 August 1974

The conclusion is supposed to read: “Abraham Beame who is campaigning over mayor has been mentioned over his slogan.” The standard form translation is “Abraham Beame campaigning for mayor” has been mentioned with more irony. On the slogan “if you don’t know the buck, you don’t know the job and Abe knows.” The argument is a categorical syllogism of AAA belonging to the third order.

3. Although these textbooks purport to be a universal guide to learning a great worth and importance –there is a single clue that points to another direction. In the six years, I taught in the city and country schools, no one ever stole a textbook. – W. Ron Jones, Changing Education. Winter 1974

The conclusion is missing; however, it should read, “though books are universal guide, I have never seen anyone steal a book.” The standard translation should read. Although these textbooks purport to be a universal guide to learning a great worth and importance- there is a single clue that points to another direction. “In the six years, I taught in the city and country schools, no one ever stole a book.” Though books are a universal guide, I have never seen anyone steal a book. The syllogism is EIO, belongs to the third order, and is valid.

4. As a matter of fact, man like woman is flesh therefore passive, the plaything of his hormones and of the species, the restless play of his desires. – Simone De Beauvior, The Second Sex, 1949

The major premise is missing and should read, “The woman is passive.” The standard form is the woman is passive, the plaything of his hormones and of the species, the restless play of his desires. In fact, man like woman is flesh therefore passive. The syllogism is AAA belongs to the first order and is valid because the premises are all positive.

Identify the form and discuss the validity or invalidity of each argument (page 302)

2. Men, it is assumed, act in economic matters only in response to pecuniary compensation of force. Force in the modern society is largely, although by no means completely, obsolete. Only peculiar compensation remains of importance.

This is pure disjunctive syllogism and is invalid. The syllogism is invalid because it contains a negative premise and a positive conclusion.

3. If each man had a definite set of rules of conduct by which he regulated his life, he would be no better than a machine. However, there are no such rules, so men cannot be machines.

This is a pure hypothetical syllogism. The syllogism is valid for it has positive premises and positive conclusion.

4. If the second native told the truth, then the first native denied being a politician. If the third native told the truth, then the first native denied being a politician. Therefore, if the second native told the truth, then the third native told the truth.

The syllogism is pure hypothetical since it contains conditional propositions only. The syllogism is valid because both the premises are true and the conclusion is positive.

 

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